The Science of Marine Biology Chapter 1 Outline

The Science of Marine Biology

• Chapter 1 Outline • The Science of Marine Biology – The History of Marine Biology • • • The Challenger Expedition The Growth of Marine Labs Marine Biology Today • The Scientific Method – Observation, the Currency of Science – Two Ways of Thinking • Induction • Deduction – Testing Ideas • • • Constructing the Hypothesis The Nature of Scientific Proof Testing the Hypothesis The Scientific Theory Limitations of the Scientific Method • Box Readings: Eyes (and Ears) in the Ocean • John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts • Eye on Science: Ocean Observing Systems

Chapter 1 Notes Marine Biology • Definition: is the scientific study of the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the ocean. • Practical Reasons to study marine biology. – – – It’s a vast source of human wealth. Provides food, medicine, and raw materials. Provides a source of money from recreation and tourism.

Chapter 1 Notes The Science of Marine Biology: • It is not a separate science but rather the more general science of biology applied to the sea. • Nearly all the disciplines of biology are represented. • Scientists work on areas of marine biology as limited as a certain species of organism or as broad as studying whole ocean systems.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • Humans have studied the ocean and its inhabitants since they first saw the ocean. • Even the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh bears a warning against eating a species of puffer fish. • New skills in seamanship and navigation led to increased knowledge of the ocean and the organisms that live there.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • Pacific Islanders had strange three dimensional maps of the Pacific Ocean made of shells and sticks. • Phoenicians were the first accomplished Western navigators. By 2000 B. C. they were sailing around the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (300’s B. C. ) is considered by many to be the first marine biologist. • He described many marine organisms. • During the Dark Ages (500’s- late 1300’s) almost all the exploration of the oceans came to a halt in Western Europe. • The Vikings and the Arabs continued to explore the world outside of Europe.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • The Renaissance spurred many Europeans to explore the world beyond Europe. – 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed to the New World. – 1519 Ferdinand Magellan embarked on the first expedition to sail around the world. – many other explorers helped to open up the unknown world to man.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • 1768: The first real scientific expedition began with Captain James Cook’s exploration of the oceans. • He undertook 3 epic voyages to explore all of the worlds oceans. • He was one of the first to make scientific observations along the way. • He carried a full time naturalist along for the voyage. • He was the first to use a chronometer.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • In the 19 th century it was common practice to carry a naturalist with every expedition to document the creatures and phenomenon a ship encountered.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • Two ships and their voyages changed how marine biology was practiced in the mid 19 th century. –HMS Beagle –HMS Challenger

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • HMS Beagle: –Sailed in 1831 from England on a 5 year expedition around the world. –The ship’s naturalist was a man named Charles Darwin. –Darwin used what he observed on the voyage to propose some radical new scientific theories.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • Charles Darwin. –He proposed the modern theory of evolution. –He proposed a theory of atoll formation. –It was not proven correct until the 1950’s. –He used very fine nets to capture plankton. –He wrote a scientific paper (treatise) on barnacles that is still used today.

Chapter 1 Notes The History of Marine Biology: • The HMS Challenger Expedition: –The Challenger Expedition claims the title of the world's first totally scientific oceanographic expedition. –The expedition's mission, to gather detailed and consistent observations of oceanographic phenomena across as much of the ocean as possible. – the ship "stopped" and collected data and samples at 362 stations "at intervals as nearly uniform as possible". –The deepest depth recorded by the Expedition was located in the Marianas Trench, a place now known as the Challenger Deep. At this location, the scientists measured a depth of 26, 850 feet!

Eye on Science: Ocean Observing Systems: pg 10 1. What is the limitation of satellites for observing 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. the oceans? List five technologies used in Marine Biology. How do scientists envision we will observe the marine environment in the future? Describe the H 2 O Observatory. How long will it take for scientists to implement the new systems for observing the marine environment? Evaluate the usefulness of these new systems.

Chapter 1 Notes The Growth of Marine Labs: • 1826: Two Frenchmen pioneer the practice of observing sea life in the controlled conditions of a lab, Henri Milne Edwards, and Victor Andouin. • The laboratory of the Marine Biological Society of the UK was founded in 1879. • The Marine Biological Lab at Woods Hole, Mass. Was founded in 1888.

Chapter 1 Notes Technology of Marine Biology: • Sonar-sound navigation ranging was introduced after World War II as an important tool of marine biology. • Scuba-Invented in 1943 by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan. It stands for Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. It is limited to shallow water. • ROVs- Remotely Operated Vehicles. They have greatly extended the depth at which humans can explore the ocean. • Satellites- allow us to track many different conditions within the oceans. Salinity, temp, water clarity, algae growth, and pollution.

The Scientific Method Chapter 1 Marine Biology Mr. Swift

Objectives • Describe the Scientific Method. • Explain the limitations of the Scientific Method. • Discuss the role of ethics in the field of science.

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