The Sal Scarabaeid beetle Holotricha problematica Brenske Coleoptera
The Sal Scarabaeid beetle, Holotricha problematica Brenske (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Distribution: Kumaun, Gorakhpur, Shrinagar etc. Diagnosis: Length, about 16 mm; breath 8 mm. Dark brown. Antenna 10 -segmented; prothorax broader than long with scutellum large. Grubs whit, curved, wrinkled with head yellow. Full grown larvae, 25 mm long.
Holotricha sp.
Life Cycle: The beetles appear in may on sal tree. Each female lays eggs in the soil in and around soil tree. The newly hatched grub burrowed inside the soil and feed the bark of the roots. Finally it girdles the root. The grubs pupate in soil during the month of April. After 3 -4 weeks the pupae metamorphosed into adults which emerge out from the soil. Nature of damage: � The newly hatched grub burrowed inside the soil and feed the bark of the roots. Finally it girdles the roots. � Adults are defoliators and also reported from Terminalia tomentosa.
Suggestive control measures Mechanical control � Uproot the small trees which are under growth. � Collection of beetle by installing light-trap and their destructions. � Deep ploughing and hoeing of plots in order to expose the larvae and pupae so that the exposed larvae and pupae are to be killed by scorching sun light or other natural enemies (Predators). Chemical control � Dead trees, rejected trees etc. are treated with dusting of 10% BHC or 5% aldrin. � Spraying with 0. 04% Fenitrothion. Biological control (Predatory beetles): � Macrocheilus bensoni is an effective against the grub of this pest.
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The Sal Cerambycid beetle, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newman Distribution: Western ghats, Kolhapur, Pune, Assam, Jharkhand, Allahabad etc. (Afghanistan, Nepal, Singapore, Borneo, Philippines) Diagnosis: Length, 20 -60 mm; breath, 5 -10 mm. Elongate, brown to dark brown, elytra reddish brown. Antenna in male longer than the length of body; in female antenna shorter than the body size. Head, prothorax, antenna, legs are covered with greyish pubscence. Eggs elongate, cylindrical and slightly swellen at anterior end. Grubs are yellowish and thickend anteriorly. .
Holocerambyx spinicornis Newman
Life Cycle: � Beetles appears in March-April and also in September-October. � Beetles fly at night. During day time take shelter beneath the bark or in under growth of trees. � After mating, oviposition takes place in newly felled trees or in the trees standing in the forest. � Egg laying is done in the suitable place in the crevices of barks. � Eggs are in several hundreds but laid singly at one place. � Hatching takes place within 5 -8 days. � Newly hatched grubs about 8 th of an inch while fully grown grub about quarter of an inch. � Grub bores in to bast and then feeding into sap wood. � During feeding into sap wood they start making galleries with one or more arms. � Gallery is totally packed with excreta. � Further they bore in to heart wood where they form pupal chambers. The wall of the chamber is calcarious. � Pupal stage last for 2 -3 months in the pupal chamber. � It hibernates in the chamber during winter.
Nature of damage: � Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newman (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae), commonly known as sal borer, is the most devastating insect pest responsible for catastrophic damage of sal forests of the country. � Till date, over 21 epidemics of this borer have been recorded in sal forests of the country � Bore into bast, sap wood and heart wood by making galleries. � They can also bore main stem, branches of root, cambium layers etc. � Their physiological activities are totally disturbed. � Growth is badly affected. � The quality of timber is also adversely affected.
Suggestive control measures Mechanical control � Removal of felled trees from the forest. � Collection of beetle by installing light-trap and their destructions. � More effective tree-trap operation during emergence period. Chemical control � Treating the felled trees with dusting of 5% aldrin or 0% BHC. � Cotton balls soacked in chloroform, petroleum or kerosine and insert in to boring holes and seeled mud for killing the pest inside the tunnel. � Spraying with 0. 04% Fenitrothion.
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The Lymantrid caterpillar , Lymantria semicincta, L. mathura (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Distribution: Western ghats, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Dehradun, Sikkim etc. Description is based on L. mathura Moor Diagnosis: Male moth with black spots vertex and abdomen. Antenna bipectinate and thick ; forewing largely pale white with relatively more black zig-zag markings dorsally; hind wing orange with black spots. Wingspan 40– 51 mm Female. Head and thorax white; frons fuscus with two black spots on vertex. Antenna bipectinate and relatively less thick. Abdomen with crimson red with black spots dorsally, terminal segment white. Fore wing white with relatively less black zig-zag markings; hind wing crimson with fuscus spots and with submarginal maculate bands. with. Wingspan 96 – 1125 mm.
Lymantria mathura
Life Cycle: � Egg laying is done on under surface of leaves. � 100 of eggs are laid in clusters by single female moth during last week of March- April. � Hatching takes place within a week. � Newly hatched caterpillars feed gregariously on leaves. � It passes through 5 -6 instars. � Larval period lasts for about 85 days. � Fully grown larvae pupate in soil. � It completes only one generation in year.
Nature of damage: � Early stage of larvae feed gregariously on on leaves and flowers. � On heavy infestation it defoliates the plants completely. � Young shoots are also destroyed completely.
Suggestive control measures Mechanical control � Collection and destruction of egg masses. � Collection and destruction of larvae. � Racking up the soil in order to expose the pupae to natural mortality factors. Chemical control � Spraying with 0. 035% DDVP or Nuvan. � Spraying with 0. 035% Azadirachtin.
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