The Roman Republic John Stevenson 2017 Maps by

The Roman Republic © John Stevenson, 2017 Maps by David P. Barrett used by permission

The Italian Peninsula • Centrally located in the Mediterranean • Surrounded on three sides by water • Bordered in the north by the Alps

The heroes of a nation are the embodiment of its values

Aeneid by Virgil I sing of arms and the man, He who, exiled by fate, First came from the coast of Troy to Italy, And to Lavinian shores – hurled about endlessly by land sea, By the will of the gods, By cruel Juno’s remorseless anger, Long suffering also in war, Until he founded a city And brought his gods to Latium: From that the Latin people came The lords of Alba Longa, The walls of noble Rome.

Aeneid by Virgil Troy • The fall of Troy • Aeneus flees the city with his father and son • Founds the Latin Race

Gauls Etruria Latium Campania Greek Colonies

Romulus & Remus • Amulius usurped the throne of his brother, Numitor • Numitor’s surviving daughter had two sons • The twin boys were set adrift on the Tiber • They were suckled by a wolf and then found and raised by a farmer

Romulus & Remus • The brothers overcame their uncle and restored their father • The founding of the city – Quest for a location – Omens in the birds – Brothers quarrel; the striking of Remus

The City of Rome • Built on Seven Hills • The Tiber River • No natural defenses

• The Sabine Women • The extension of Roman citizenship

Roman Qualities • Discipline • Virtue • Gravitas

Greeks Romans Delicacy Enduring Strength Agility Power Beauty Mass Style Utility

Birth of the Republic • Sextus, son of Tarquin the Proud. • Rape of Lucretia, wife of Collatinus. • Suicide in the face of Dishonor

Birth of the Republic • Sextus, son of Tarquin the Proud. • Rape of Lucretia, wife of Collatinus. • Suicide in the face of Dishonor • Brutus appeals to the people. • Tarquin banished from Rome. Brutus

Birth of the Republic • Brutus as first consul. • Plot by nobility to restore Tarquin to power • Two sons of Brutus implicated • Justice Brutus

The Republic The Centuriate Assembly The Senate Citizens Patricians Consuls

Gauls Etruria Rome Gallic Invasion 386 B. C. Greek Colonies

Woe to the Vanquished! Gallic Invasion 386 B. C.

Gauls Etruria Rome Pyrrhic Wars 280 – 275 B. C. Greek Colonies

Rome Carthage

264 – 241 B. C.

Hannibal 248 – 183 B. C. • Son of Hamilcar Barca • Consolidation of power in Spain • Invasion of Italy

218 – 201 B. C. Hannibal Rome Carthage

Trebia 218 B. C. Trasimene 217 B. C. Rome Cannae 216 B. C.

Battle of Cannae

Rome

Publius Scipio Africanus • Youthful survivor of the Battle of Cannae • Invaded Spain • Sailed to Carthage • Battle of Zama

“Who has been the greatest general of all time? ”

149 – 146 B. C. Rome Carthage “Carthago delenda est” – Cato the Elder

War with Greece

Battle of Pydna 168 B. C.

• Growing gap between rich & poor • Two Party System – Optimates – Populares • Citizen Militia versus Professional Soldiers • Bread & Circuses • Procurators

Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus • Maternal grandchildren of Scipio Africanus • Championed the cause of the commoner • Opposed by the Senate • Put to Death

157 – 86 B. C. • “New man” • Popular politician & general. • Sought land grants for his veterans. • Opposed by Senate. • Strong-armed tactics. • Had a young nephew named Julius Caesar

92 – 88 B. C. • This was a war between Rome and her Italian allies who wanted Roman citizenship. • After Rome won war, citizenship was given to Italians. • Generals: Marius & Sulla

• • • Enemy of Rome. Massacre of Italians (88 B. C. ) Issue of command

138 – 78 B. C. • Engaged in a power struggle with Marius. • Marched on Rome with six legions. • Reign of Terror – Marius fled – Executions – Proscription lists published daily in Senate

138 – 78 B. C. “Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit” (Plutarch, Life of Sulla 31).

138 – 78 B. C. • Populares excluded from passing laws. • Reforms to strengthen the Senate. • Retirement & Death.

73 B. C.

• Special powers • Victory over the pirates • Conquest of Jerusalem

The First Triumvirate Caesar Pompey Crassus

• • Nephew to Marius Pirates Pontifex Maximus Marriage to daughter of Pompey

The First Triumvirate

52 B. C.

Caesar Crassus Pompey

“The die is cast”

Pharsalus ! ! Athens

100 – 44 B. C. • Defeat of Pompey • “I came, I saw, I conquered!”

Ptolemy 12 th Ptolemy 13 th Cleopatra

100 – 44 B. C. • Defeat of Pompey • “I came, I saw, I conquered!” • Caesar in Egypt • Cleopatra • Dictator • Calendar

Caesar’s Will Octavius • Gardens given to city • Money given to every Roman • Octavius adopted

The Second Triumvirate Octavius Marc Antony Lepidus

The Second Triumvirate

Octavius Marc Antony Cleopatra

• • Augustus Pax Romana Tax Reform Roman Roads

I found Rome brick; I left her marble

Jesus Augustus But the angel said to them, “Do not be afraid; for behold, I bring you good news of great joy which will be for all the people; 11 for today in the city of David there has been born for you a Savior, who is Christ the Lord. ” (Luke 2: 10 -11). His birth was described as good news [euangelion] • Savior • Pax Romana • Lord of all

Maps provided by David P. Barrett www. Bible. Mapper. com Used by Permission