THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONALIZATION AND BOLOGNA PROCESS IN

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONALIZATION AND BOLOGNA PROCESS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT Tatjana Cvetkovski, professor Faculty of Business Studies Belgrade Megatrend University, Serbia

INTRODUCTION �In an economy that relies heavily on knowledge, economic growth is based on human capital. �Small developing countries (Serbia, as well) have: Øa generally lower percentage of highly educated population, Øa problem with the brain drain and transfer of knowledge.

IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY "HUMAN CAPITAL“: �At the level of the organization - the total value of human resources in the organization �At the state level - the total value of human resources available to one country. �Human capital would therefore be related to the quality of the workforce. �Connection between human capital and development today becomes evident through a knowledge-based economy.

v Skills and knowledge of people are key factors of economic development of a country. v Growth has been positively affected by education. According to Cedefop’s projections: the demand for low-skilled workers will decline, � the number of jobs that will seek medium and particularly high qualifications will increase in the future. � Labour force – share of qualifications, 2000 -25 (EU 27+), baseline scenario Source: Cedefop, 2013

� In order to make the European economy the most advanced knowledge-based economy in the world, the European Commission in November 2003 emphasized the need for greater integration of vocational education and training with higher education. � The university (knowledge producer) becomes the key institutional resource of the European knowledge-based economy – it needs to be able to convert the new knowledge into inputs for economic processes. Two key issues in the knowledge economy will be tied for the quantity ie, number of available workers from one hand, and for their quality on the other hand.

HUMAN CAPITAL OF SERBIA - SOME INSIGHTS Serbia has a problem with negative natural increase. Population Changes, Republic of Serbia -34786 in 2014, -38021 in 2015, -36100 in 2016.

Serbia falls by an average of 42. 9 in 2016, among the oldest nations of Europe. (EU-28’s - 42. 6 years on January 2016. ) Average of the population in Serbia Year Total Males Females 1950. 29, 15 28, 26 30 1960. 30, 52 29, 53 31, 49 1970. 32, 33 31, 39 33, 26 1980. 33, 74 32, 72 34, 74 1990. 35, 03 33, 95 36, 10 2000. 39, 82 38, 57 41, 00 2010. 41, 40 40, 03 42, 69 2011. 42, 1 40, 7 43, 4 2012. 42, 2 40, 9 43, 5 2013. 42, 4 41, 0 43, 7 2014. 42, 6 41, 2 43, 9 2015. 42, 7 41, 3 44, 1 2016. 42, 9 41, 5 44, 2

�Information and communication technologies, increase the demand for educated, highly skilled workers. Population aged 15 and over, by educational attainment (by 2002. and 2011. census)

In knowledge economy, it is important to see situation is in the tertiary education. Students enrolled in tertiary education, by sex, 2011 -2016

Students enrolled in tertiary education, by fields of education and sex, 2016 (%)

� Many believe that education reform is crucial for the modernization of Serbia, and therefore it should be accelerated, because the further development of the education system fastest approach to the European Union. � The implementation of accreditation procedures in higher education institutions in Serbia meant the introduction of a range of standards. Introduced standards have to ensure quality of education and comparability and evaluation of higher education institutions. � What would also be useful to educational institutions is to follow the path of their students, in order to determine how they are successful in employment. � It is necessary to measure the amount of human capital available in a nation, but it would be good to determine quality of education as well.

THE INTERNATIONALIZATION AND BOLOGNA PROCESS IN THE SERBIA � Learning is crucial and it enables people to be competitive in the global economy. � The Republic of Serbia (at that time Serbia and Montenegro), signed the Bologna Declaration in 2003 and its implementation was carried out through the Law on Higher Education, adopted in 2005. � In Europe, the universities remain the main producers of knowledge and competences. Mobility is one of the basic ideas of the Bologna Declaration. � Compliance with defined standards and mobility, raise the quality of education and enable the development of knowledge about other countries and cultures.

The institutional framework for internationalization of higher education in Serbia consists of: � Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, National Council for Higher Education, National accreditation body, Commission for Accreditation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Interior, the Tempus Foundation, Team of experts for reform of higher education and higher education institutions, International cooperation offices etc. Work on the Strategy of Internationalization started at the end of 2015. � The Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development launched the "Study in Serbia" project. � Participation in the Erasmus+, Horizon 2020 programs, CEEPUS (Central European Exchange Program for University Studies). � The contribution to internationalization gave EU projects FUSE and SIPUS. � � This year, for the first time, higher education institutions from Serbia were able to participate in the Erasmus Charter for Higher Education competition (ECHE).

SUMMARY � Globalization means that national economies are increasingly relying on one another. Economic success is closely related to human capital grounded in knowledge and skills. Education is a key factor in the formation of human capital. � People with better education generally have higher income, which also reflects the increased economic growth of the country. � � The Bologna process aims to create a more flexible and efficient system of higher education in Europe, which would be competitive in the global knowledge market. � Understanding the importance of education and integration in the modern economy, Serbia has joined this process but not without the big challenges that need to be overcome.

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