The Role of Carbon Capture and Sequestration in
The Role of Carbon Capture and Sequestration in California’s Energy Future Jeffery Greenblatt, Ph. D. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Presentation to WESTCARB Bakersfield, CA October 17, 2012
California’s Energy Future Project Sponsored by California Council on Science & Technology (CCST) • • Several pathways identified to achieve 60% reduction below 1990 by 2050 Additional research necessary to achieve 80% reductions (low-GHG fuels and zero-emission load balancing are key) Achieving post-2020 goals will require new policies, infrastructure and regional coordination CCS plays a prominent role in several energy technologies Nuclear Fossil/CCS Renewables Building and Industrial Efficienc y (in press) Biomass Energy (in preparation)
Getting to 80% GHG Reduction
Strategies for Getting to 80% 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. GHG Impact 100% effective CCS Small Eliminate fossil/CCS (use nuclear instead) 100% ZELB for load balancing Behavior Change (10% reduction in demand) Moderate Net-zero GHG biomass Hydrogen from fossil/CCS Biomass/CCS electricity (offsets GHG from fuels) Double biomass supply Large Coal/Biomass/CCS fuels (low GHG emissions) Biomass/CCS fuels (negative GHG emissions) Fuel from sunlight (need net-zero carbon source) Transformative Fusion electricity or others?
California Biomass
California Biomass Total demand: 27 billion gge/yr CA biomass used for electricity 2. 0 bgge CA biofuel 5. 5 bgge Imported biofuel 7. 5 bgge Fossil Fuels 14 bgge If we import as much as we grow in California, we might provide about ½ the fuel demand where CCS is not possible
Carbon Capture and Sequestration • Important technology for electricity generation • Key strategy for achieving economywide low-carbon fuels: • Biomass/CCS electricity • Biofuel production with CCS • Biofuels from biomass + fossil with CCS • Hydrogen from fossil with CCS
Combining Biomass with CCS Median Case GHG emissions Electricity Absorbed during growth Emitted during production Fossil fuels Biofuels Emitted during combustion Net emissions
Combining Biomass with CCS Biomass/CCS Fuel Electricity Fossil fuels Biofuels Absorbed during growth Captured Domestic via CCS Emitted during combustion Emitted during production Imported (stays as liquid fuel)
Combining Biomass with CCS Biomass/CCS Electricity Fossil fuels Absorbed during growth Emitted during combustion Biofuels Domestic Captured via CCS
Combining Biomass with CCS COAL: Emitted during combustion Biomass/Coal/C CS Fuel Electricity Fossil fuels Captured via CCS Absorbed during growth Biofuels Domestic Emitted during production BIOMASS: Emitted during combustion Emitted during production
Combining Biomass with CCS GHG emissions Statewide Mt. CO 2 e/yr 146 99 65 65
Hydrogen from Fossil/CCS • About 30% of fuel demand could be replaced with hydrogen • Like fossil/CCS electricity, hydrogen is near net-zero GHG
CO 2 Storage Required Median Biomass/C Hydrogen CCS CS Fuels oal/CCS from Nat. Electricity Fuels Gas/CCS Natural Gas/CCS Electricity Rate in 2050 (Mt. CO 2/yr) 44 117 83 137 40 111 Cumulative (Mt. CO 2) 454 N/A N/A 1, 146 • Beyond 2050, saline aquifers may be required (above ~5, 000 Mt. CO 2 in-state storage)
Conclusions • Getting to 80% GHG reductions in California by 2050 will require technologies focused on low-GHG fuel production • CCS may play a prominent role in several technologies beyond low-carbon fossil-based electricity, including: • Negative-GHG biomass electricity • Negative-GHG biofuels • Zero-GHG fuels from biomass + fossil • Zero-GHG hydrogen • All will require substantial CO 2 in-state storage capacity in 2050, with saline aquifers required by end of century Questions? jbgreenblatt@lbl. gov
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