The Roaring Twenties 1919 1929 Advances are made

The Roaring Twenties, 1919– 1929 Advances are made in American technology that strongly affect U. S. business and culture. Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks. Life magazine cover (1926), John Held, Jr. NEXT

The Roaring Twenties, 1919– 1929 SECTION 1 The Business of America SECTION 2 Changes in Society SECTION 3 The Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance NEXT

Section 1 The Business of America The government supports business and keeps a hands-off policy in other matters. NEXT

SECTION 1 The Business of America Harding and the “Return to Normalcy” Warren Harding • President Warren G. Harding promises to return U. S. to “normalcy” • Wants to reduce taxes, regulations, increase tariffs on foreign goods • Chooses a pro-business cabinet, including: - Andrew W. Mellon as secretary of the treasury - Herbert Hoover as secretary of commerce Continued. . . NEXT Andrew Mellon Herbert Hoover

SECTION 1 continued Harding and the “Return to Normalcy” • President Harding appoints unqualified, corrupt men, cabinet positions • In the Teapot Dome Scandal Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall: - takes bribes - makes illegal deals with oil executives • Harding depressed about scandals, dies suddenly • (1923) In U. S. history, oil reserve scandal that began during the administration of President Harding. NEXT

SECTION 1 Coolidge Takes Over • Vice-President Calvin Coolidge becomes president after Harding’s death • Tries to clean up scandals, elected president in his own right (1924) • Laissez faire—business unregulated by government benefits the nation • Coolidge supports laissez faire, U. S. business prospers • Against government helping people with social, economic problems • Refuses to help farmers Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Coolidge Takes Over • President Coolidge is an isolationist: - U. S. stays out of other nations’ affairs except for self-defense • Helps set up the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): - 15 nations agree not to make war on each other, only self-defense NEXT

Summarizing, briefly summarize the business policies of Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. President Harding wanted to lift burden of taxes and government regulations from the shoulders of Americans and help American businesses. So he proposed lower taxes, less regulation, and higher tariffs. President Coolidge believed that business would act in a way to benefit the nation if left unregulated. Also, he believed that the chief business of the American people was business.

SECTION 1 Technology Changes American Life • Average annual income person rises 35 percent in 1920 s • Americans have more money to buy goods, spend on leisure • Using assembly lines, Henry Ford makes cars most people can afford • Assembly line—product moves along conveyor belt across the factory Ford Model A (1928) on assembly line at the Ford Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Michigan. Continued. . . NEXT

Assembly Line • • Manufacturing technique in which a product is passed along a line of workers and put together in stages. Henry Ford in Car factory Example= Model T or “Tin Lizzie” Made cars affordable Made booms in glass, steel, rubber, gasoline industries

Ford Racer in 1901

Model T

Automobiles • 400, 000 miles of new roads were built in the ‘ 20 s • Gas Stations, drive in restaurants, tourist cabins, & billboards alongside roads • Linked rural areas to urban areas • Helped to depopulate inner cities • New social opportunities • Pollution, traffic jams, parking problems, & accidents were problems

SECTION 1 continued Technology Changes American Life • Once-costly items now cheaper, consumers use installment buying • Installment buying—repay borrowed amount in small monthly payments • National advertising begins, promotes new products • Cheap fuel powers new inventions that make life easier • Mostly only white middle class can afford new products NEXT

Abundant Supplies of Energy • Coal, oil, natural gas, & waterpower • Vast network of electrical power plants • By 1930 over two thirds of all U. S. homes had electricity

New Industries • Electrical appliances= washing machines, sewing machines, cake mixers, food grinders… • Chemical companies offering synthetic materials

Advertising • Became big business in the ‘ 20 s • Magazines, newspapers, billboards, & radio • Most targeted women • Used slogans, jingles, & famous people

Credit • People started to buy on credit • Mid 20’s 75% of cars were bought with credit

SECTION 1 The Air Age Begins • Former WW I pilots work as: - crop-dusters, stunt fliers, flight instructors • U. S. Post Office Department begins air mail service (1918) • Charles A. Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart fly across the Atlantic • Transatlantic flights promote commercial air transportation • Pan American Airways becomes first U. S. passenger airline (1927) NEXT

fill in the second column with a description of the effect on American life of the inventions and trends listed in column one helped the economy to boom; had the greatest impact on life during the 1920 s airplanes had all kinds of new uses; brought distant cities closer together cheap electricity and petroleum became widely available; made possible new inventions and advances in technology got its start at this time; helped to promote new products consumers could buy new products that were available because of credit

Section 2 Changes in Society Changes in society in the 1920 s bring new attitudes and lifestyles but also cause divisions and conflict. NEXT

SECTION 2 Changes in Society Youth in the Roaring Twenties • 1920 s celebrates youth, young people rebel against tradition, authority • Youth stay in school longer, wear daring clothes, follow silly fads • Dance marathons are popular, Charleston is a favorite dance NEXT

SECTION 2 New Roles for Women • The symbol of 1920 s American women is the flapper: - wears bobbed hair, makeup - dresses fall just below the knee - eager to try something new • Women take more active roles, have more personal freedom • New job opportunities for women, 2 women elected governor (1924) • View marriage more as equal partnership, women still do domestic work • 19 th Amendment assures women have the right to vote NEXT

Four dancers performing the Charleston.

Flapper Term used to describe a 1920’s woman

rebelled against values of the past and authority of their elders; experimented with new fashions, attitudes, and ways of behavior took more active roles in their own lives than ever before; had new job opportunities and the right to vote

SECTION 2 Prohibition and Lawlessness • 18 th Amendment—Prohibition—bans making, selling alcohol (1920) • Volstead Act (1919) enforces Prohibition, people get alcohol illegally • Speakeasies sell alcohol, bootleggers transport, sell liquor illegally • Organized crime gangs battle for control of bootlegging operations • Crime boss Al Capone seizes control of 10, 000 speakeasies in Chicago • Prohibition fails, 21 st Amendment repeals Prohibition (1933) NEXT

Alphonse "Scarface" Capone after having been arrested in Miami, Florida (about 1930).

SECTION 2 Changes for African Americans • In 1920 s, many African Americans move North, get better jobs • Gain some economic, political power: - still face discrimination, jobs, housing, racial tensions lead to riots • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): - tries to protect constitutional rights of African Americans - unable to get Congress to pass antidiscrimination law • Marcus Garvey calls blacks to return to Africa, form separate nation NEXT

Many people who did not consider drinking harmful or sinful disregarded the law. Also, organized crime grew out of Prohibition.

many moved north; gained some economic and political power; still faced discrimination in jobs and housing

SECTION 2 A Divided Society • Divisions between groups cause conflict • Fundamentalism—believe in literal interpretation of the Bible • Fundamentalists get teaching evolution in schools banned in 13 states • John Scopes breaks evolution ban, found guilty, decision reversed • Ku Klux Klan gains strength, tries to influence politics • Uses violence against blacks, others, group’s power lessens, late 1920 s 1: 30 NEXT

conflicts developed over ideas and values; between African Americans and whites, the native-born and immigrants, urban and rural communities, scienceand religion.

Section 3 The Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance Popular culture was influenced by the mass media, sports, and the contribution of African Americans. NEXT

SECTION 3 The Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance More Leisure Time for Americans • Laborsaving appliances, shorter work hours increase leisure time • People get higher wages, spend more on leisure activities: - go to movies, reading, listening to radio, talking on phones • African Americans’, Hispanic Americans’ choices limited by income, race 2: 32 NEXT

SECTION 3 Mass Media and Popular Culture • Mass media—communication to large audience— takes hold in 1920 s • 1 st radio broadcast (1920), household radios increase rapidly • Movies strongly influence U. S. culture, offer escape, glamour, thrills • People flock to movies to see favorite actors and actresses such as: - Charlie Chaplin - Mary Pickford - Rudolph Valentino • Popular culture includes songs, dances, movies, fashions, slang • Films silent, most of 1920 s, 1 st talking movie The Jazz Singer (1927) NEXT

Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in a silent movie called The Kid (about 1921).

John Barrymore

Clara Bow

Charlie Chaplin

Douglas Fairbanks

Lillian Gish & Sister

Greta Garbo

William S. Hart

Buster Keaton

Laurel & Hardy

Tom Mix

Mary Pickford

SECTION 3 A Search for Heroes • Sporting events of all types enjoy rising attendance • Boxing is very popular, many fans listen to fights on radio • Baseball teams draw huge crowds, also popular on radio • Sports figures give people hope for better life, heroes such as: - Babe Ruth, baseball player - Bobby Jones, golfer - Gertrude Ederle, swimmer • Aviators Charles A. Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart become national heroes NEXT

Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer, and the first woman to swim the English Channel in 1926.

Gertrude Ederle 1 st woman to swim the English Channel and won several medals at the 1924 Olympics

Babe Ruth • Dominated Baseball from 1920 - 1935 • Led NY Yankees to 4 World Series Championships • 60 homeruns in 1927

Helen Wills Tennis star that captured more major tennis championships than any other woman in the world.

Charles Lindbergh First pilot to fly nonstop from New York to Paris. • Spirit of St. Louis • 33 1/2 hours

Charles Lindbergh standing with his monoplane Spirit of St. Louis, ten days after his solo flight over the Atlantic Ocean (1927).

1928 -- Became the first woman to cross the Atlantic

more than 100 million Americans were weekly moviegoers; motion pictures were the most powerful influence of the 1920 s broadcast news, sports, music, comedy, and commercials; 10 million households had radios in 1929 Americans spent leisure time reading books and magazines; sales rose by 50 percent sporting events of all kinds enjoyed rising attendance; sports figures became American heroes

SECTION 3 The Harlem Renaissance • In 1920 s, Harlem in NYC becomes world’s largest black urban community • Harlem Renaissance—burst of black cultural activity, Harlem 1920 s, 30 s • Artists develop, exchange ideas, artists include: - Langston Hughes—poet - Zora Neale Hurston—novelist • Jazz—combines African rhythms, blues, ragtime, musicians include: - Louis Armstrong - Duke Ellington • Starts in New Orleans, spreads through U. S. into Harlem nightclubs NEXT

Langston Hughes (1902— 1967), American writer and poet.

"Harlem" What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode? - Langston Hughes

Jazz • Originated in New Orleans • Blend of West African, Latin American, African Spirituals, blues, & European harmonies • Spread through records, radio, & movies • Charleston-- dance of the 20 s

Categorizing As you read this section about how America’s popular culture developed in the 1920 s, give examples in each area of popular culture. jazz became widely popular; jazz spread from New Orleans to other parts of the country, including the nightclubs of Harlem

SECTION 3 The Lost Generation • Lost Generation—artists, writers resent WW I, see little hope for future • Many go to Paris, see city as a place of freedom, tolerance • Become expatriates—people who live in a country other than their own • Ernest Hemingway’s novels reflect mood of despair following WW I • F. Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby shows dark side, Roaring 20 s • Sinclair Lewis novel Babbitt satirizes materialistic U. S. middle class NEXT

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