The Road to Revolution 1763 1775 AP US

The Road to Revolution 1763 -1775 AP US History Ch. 7

Review ► How did the following help breed resentment from the colonies towards Britain and help lead to Revolution. § Queen Anne’s War § War of Jenkin’s Ear § French and Indian War

Leading Factors ► After French and Indian War there was a short period of intense patriotism toward Britain. ► Two factors which led to bad relations 1. Proclamation Line 2. HUGE debt after war

Deep Roots of Revolution ► Since its foundation the New World has nurtured new ideas about the nature of § Society § Citizens § Government

Deep Roots of Revolution ► Two Major Ideas are formed § Republicanism (from Radical Whigs) ► Society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. ► Stability and authority depended on citizenry (selflessness, selfsufficiency, courage, and civic involvement) § Opposite thought of the Old World (No one challenged aristocrats) § Liberties ► Every Human has God given liberties ► John Locke- Two Treaties

Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances ► REMEMBER: America is formed with very little British involvement (Only Georgia) § Very haphazard on part of the British ► British embrace theory of mercantilism § the economic doctrine that says government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and security of a state. Even though they really didn’t rule in colonies. ► To be successful you had to export more then you import (population) ► British thought of the colonies as tenants (just there for British profit)

Merits and Menace of Mercantilism ► Mercantilism seemed selfish and oppressive but until 1763 the laws were not really enforced (Dominion of NE failed) § Benefits for colonists: ► Virginia had monopoly in OW tobacco market ► Colonists got protection from British navy/army at no cost. § Problems: ► After years of salutary neglect by the British gov the colonies had developed its own economy and now Britain was trying to hinder it. Causes resentment by colonists

Parliament Takes a More Active Role ► Remember the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the “English Bill of Rights” 1. King could not suspend laws 2. No taxes would be levied or standing army maintained in peacetime w/o the consent of Parliament 3. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently 4. Freedom of speech in Parliament would be assured 5. Subjects would have the right of petition and be free of excessive fines, bail or cruel punishments 6. The King would be a Protestant 7. No standing army unless with consent of Parliament

Parliament Takes a More Active Role ► Parliament gets involved: 1. 1762 Revenue Act (American Duties Act) § 2. Prohibits officials to sub=contract their responsibilities in the New World out 1763 Proclamation Line § § Colonists could not move west and settle (Felt they had fought for that right) George Grenville- becomes prime minister in 1763 § § Wants to raise taxes to bring money into treasury British think colonists should pay more debt from war (policy makers agree) Grenville opposes this b/c he knows colonists will be angry but also wants to show British power. Colonists have to pay for soldiers who are upholding Proclamation Line, which they don’t agree with. (Resentment)

Parliament Takes a More Active Role ► Parliament gets involved: 3. 1764 Sugar Act § § § Molasses Act of 1733 expires in 1763) It is a search for additional income for Britain, tax on molasses Begins to require paperwork for trade (attempt to kill smuggling) 4. 1764 Currency Act § Prohibits colonists from printing paper money 5. Quartering Act (1765) § British provide protection, colonists should provide room and board/supplies

Parliament Takes a More Active Role ► Parliament gets involved: 6. 1765 Stamp Act (IMPORTANT) § § First Direct Tax imposed by the British Parliament Required that many printed materials be printed on stamped paper made in London. Any official document needed this stamp. § If not stamped it was not legally binding Results in colonial Assemblies discussing openly the power Parliament has over colonies. § How could the colonists give parliament this power w/o representation? § British say they have virtual representation b/c those in parliament have interests in colonies

Forced Repeal of Stamp Act ► August 1765 the Loyal Nine come together in Boston protesting Stamp Act. § Hang Andrew Oliver (Stamp distributor) § Burn Thomas Hutchinson’s house down (Lt. Governor = enforced laws) § Sons & Daughters of Liberties formed ► Coalition of individuals who protests stamp Act/ British rule in colonies ► Significance: § People from different groups/colonies come together for common purpose (UNITY) § They enforced the non-importation agreements against British (Tar and Feather violators)

Forced Repeal of Stamp Act ► Stamp Act Congress (1765) § Draw up letter of grievances to the King and Parliament to repeal the legislation. ►Largely ignored by England ►Step toward inter-colonial unity

Forced Repeal of Stamp Act § In 1766 Stamp Act is repealed by England, but they still wanted the colonists to know they were in control ► Repealed b/c of Colonists boycott of British goods. ► Declaratory Act: reaffirms Parliaments’ right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. § Britain refused to yield absolute sovereignty over to North American Colonies § PROBLEM: ► With years of neglect colonies had created their own political, religious, and economic structures.

Townsend in Power ► Charles Townsend- Comes to power in colonies in 1767. § Proposes that tax money not be used to pay for British soldiers but to pay Government officials. § Also favored external (indirect) tax on colonies. ► Townsend Act (1767) § Most important aspect was a small tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea. ► English enforced these laws strictly unlike past legislation ► Produced rebellion in colonists.

Townsend in Power ► Colonial § § Rebellion Boycotts on British Goods Non-importation Sons & Daughters of Liberty Committees of Correspondence: ► Created by Samuel Adams, their chief duty was to spread spirit of resistance against Britain throughout colonies. § Brought about a complete boycott of British goods § Daughters of Liberty vow to forgo imported tea, coffee, sugar, linens, etc. ► Women are PATRIOTS Too!

The Boston Massacre ► Circumstances Leading up to March 5, 1770 § People of Boston had become concerned about British troops since 1768 § On Feb 2, 1770 an orphan boy is killed by British spy. ► Samuel Adams organizes a huge funeral procession. ► The tension between colonists and British heightens § 3 British soldiers are being taunted and beaten by colonists while looking for jobs. ► They go get more soldiers and bring them to barracks

The Boston Massacre ► March 5, 1770 § A crowd forms at a customs house in Boston § Captain Preston comes to scene and stands in front of the soldiers who were there. § Shots were fired and 5 died (Crispus Attucks) and 11 wounded. ► John trial. Adams represents British soldiers at

Boston Tea Party Dec 16, 1773 ► In response to tea tax (1773) ► § This is what is left of Townsend Acts after partial repeal. § Sons of Liberty used tax to keep non-importation alive but they are losing influence ► British East India Company Tea is cheaper then smuggled tea.

Coercive Acts ► Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) Spring 1774: § Response to the Boston Tea Party 1. 2. 3. 4. ► Boston Port Bill Massachusetts Government Acts Quartering Act (expanded) Administration of Justice Act (Murder Act) Crown hoped to make an example of Massachusetts with these Acts. ► There is sympathy from other colonies = UNITY

Quebec Act (1774) ► Quebec Act: § Extends boundary to Ohio River § Grants Canadians freedom of religion ►Freedom only NA colonists had at this point § Allows them to hold royal office § They are allowed to expand beyond the Proclamation Line ►Angers colonists

Road to War ► 1 st Continental Congress: § Sept 1774, Philadelphia Pa § 12 of 13 colonies represented (Georgia) § Purpose: ►Declaration of Rights an appeal to the king and British people. ►Most Significant Action = The Association § This was a complete Boycott of British goods (nonimportation, non-exportation, and non-consumption) ►Colonists did not want Independence yet, just home rule.

Road to War § Declaration of Rights ► Condemns Parliaments actions but doesn’t throw king out. ► Each colonists has basic rights/should have rights of Englishmen ► Parliament has right to regulate trade ► Parliament has shown signs of imperial encroachment ► The Association would begin Dec 1, 1774 if grievances not met. § Result: Parliament rejects the Congress’s petitions. ► Committees of Observation and Safety § Militias and other precautions are formed by colonists § Colonists stock pile guns/ammunition § Colonies tell militia to be ready in a minute “minute men” ► Establish their own government § Colonists want to rule on parallel with Parliament

Road to War ► Lexington and Concord § British troops in Boston sent to seize the colonial armories at Concord/Lexington and arrest the leaders. § Redcoats “massacre” colonial militia at Lexington (men are killed) § At Concord the militia hold their position and push back Redcoats. (proved capable) ►Colonists have their first victory and Britain had a war!

Road To War Imperial Strengths 1. Strong Navy 2. Much Bigger army 3. More People 4. Wealthy Imperial Weaknesses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Troops dispatched other places (Ireland) France is bitter from F/I War and want British to Suffer London gov. was disorganized/inept Sent bad military leaders to colonies Soldiers treated poorly Provisions scarce Distance (3, 000 miles) Colonies had no urban nerve center (Just spread out) Many British didn’t want to go to war (Whigs supported colonists)

Road To War Colonists Strengths 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Outstanding leadership (George Washington, Ben Franklin) Foreign aid from France Many unemployed workers volunteered for pay (troops) Fighting defensively Agriculture was mainly selfsustaining They believed in their cause (unlike British) Colonists Weaknesses 1. Not well organized for war (unity coming but not there yet) § 2. 3. Smaller population Money was scarce § 4. 5. 6. Articles of Confederation not until 1781 (near end of war) No money=desertion to take care of homes Military supplies were very scarce Manufactured goods (came from Britain) American Profiteers § Sold goods to British b/c they could pay in gold.