THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA The Opium

THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA

The Opium War 1773 Britain brought Indian opium to China Millions addicted and Chinese silver depleted to pay for the opium. 1838 – Manchu Chinese ban it and seize British opium in Guangzhou (Canton). 1839 -1842 Opium War humiliates China, demonstrating superiority of Western military technology. Treaty of Nanjing (1842). First of many “unequal treaties with European nations and Japan. Britain claims Hong Kong island as a colony Five other Chinese port cities are opened to British trade and residence British have “most favored nation” status British subjects have right of “extraterritoriality”; can be tried for crimes only in British courts.

The Treaty System large amount of indemnity dozens of treaty ports opened to foreign trade gunboats Missionaries Warehouses Foreign influence in port cities territorial losses tariffs

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Peasant anger against Manchu "Each year they [the Manchus] transform tens of millions of China's gold and silver into opium and extract several millions from the fat and marrow of the Chinese people and turn it into rouge and powder. . . How could the rich not become poor? How could the poor abide by the law? ” Michael, Franz. The Taiping Rebellion, page 23. Qing 1644 -1910

Taiping Rebellion 1850 -1864 A village schoolmaster, Hong Xiuquan, recruits one million rebels and nearly overthrows the Qing government before rebellion is crushed. Taiping capital in Nanjing. mixed elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religion, along with ideas of his own (brother of Jesus). He believed in communal property, and the equality of men and women 20 -30 million dead Qing 1644 -1910

Taiping and Communism Although pre-Communism the Taiping Rebellion foreshadowed it in several ways Land was evenly distributed. Outlawed all of the following: Slavery, Sale of women, foot-binding, prostitution, arranged marriages and polygamy. The Taipings were also against use of opium, alcohol, and tobacco. Over time, Taiping leaders began to violate most of these rules (especially alcohol and women) and their movement began to lose its loyal followers Qing govt with help from western powers ended the Taiping movement to take over China Qing 1644 -1910

By 1900 – Spheres of Influence China was controlled by Europeans economically Lots of trade between Europe and China Balance of trade favored Europe China lost silver as they paid out to Europe Created discord and frustration in the Qing government

Weakness fully exposed Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895 Chinese navy destroyed Taiwan ceded to Japan large indemnity most-favored-nation more treaty ports Korea formally independent but with Japanese influence start of Japanese empire

The scramble for concessions

The scramble for answers radicalization of domestic politics the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898 ambitious reform program examination system bureaucracy modernization suppressed by conservatives in Qing court

The Boxer Uprising in 1900 Peasants in cities of Northern China Name actually translates to “Society of Harmonious Fists” support from high officials of Qing court destruction of anything foreign siege of the foreign quarter in Beijing

8 -nation force invades China station troops permanently in Beijing European powers demand payment for the cost of stopping the Boxers Russian troops remain in Manchuria until Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese War

Fall of the Qing Dynasty A revolution in 1911 forces the Emperor (Puyi, a child) to abdicate Dr. Sun Yatsen (1866 -1925) becomes first President of the Chinese Republic in 1912 The warlords take over as provincial rulers and the central government is weak. The May Fourth movement aims at ridding China of foreign influence. Qing 1644 -1910

Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925) (Dr. Sun Yat-sen)

Chinese Warlords, 1920 s Yuan Shi-kai

China in 1924

Mao and the Communist party • Mao Tse Tung (1893 -1976) Revolutionary leader and “poet” – Founder and leader of the Peoples Republic of China. – Born in Southern China of peasant origin – Joined the revolutionary army when the Manchu dynasty was overthrown 1911 – Advocated womens right and attacked aranged marriage – Joined a marxist studygroup at Peking university 1919 – Participated in the may 4 th demonstrations 1919

Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary (Mao Tse-tung)

Mao With His Children, 1930 s

Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928 (Chiang Kai-shek)

Origins of Chinese Civil war • Nationalists turned on the Communists and massacred them in Shanghai • Resulted in split of the Nationalist party • Renewed civil war against the Communists • Communists in city virtually destroyed • Mao flees to countryside in Jinggangshan

The Long March • Heroic myth • Of 100. 000 communists 20. 000 survived • Maos policy survived and became the model for future China • The LM provided the future leadership of Peoples Republic of China • From the new base Communist would conquer China

The Long March

Survivors of the March

Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking December 9, 1937

The Japanese Invasion, 1937

Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted by Japanese Soldiers

Japanese Bayonet Practice

Beheadings Took Place in Public!

Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

The Communist Victory

Taiwan: The Republic of China

Jiang Jieshu (18871975) (Chiang Kai-shek)

Madame Jiang Jieshu

The People’s Republic of China

Reasons for the Communists’ Success ► Mao won support of peasants – land ► Mao won support of women ► Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics ► Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt ► Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

Great Leap Forward, 1958 ► 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry ► Communes e Groups of people who live and work together e Property held in common e Had production quotas ► Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture

Communist China Under Mao ► Industrialized China ► Increased literacy ► Class privileges ended ► Rural Chinese received health care ► One-party dictatorship ► Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954 ► Tibet --> an autonomous area. ► Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950 s to India.

A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS” ► Old Thoughts ► Old Culture ► Old Customs ► Old Habits To Rebel Is Good!

Communist China Under Mao ► Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society ► Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place ► Schools shut down – students revolted ► Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

A Red Guard

Red Guards March to Canton

With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968) Cult of Personality

The reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968 Mao’s Little Red Book

Propaganda Poster

Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle! 1967 -1972

Propaganda Poster

Propaganda Poster

Propaganda Poster

“Ping-Pong Diplomacy”: U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971

Mao Meets President Nixon, 1972

Power Struggle Modernists 1976 Communist Traditionalists Zhou Enlai “The Gang of Four”: Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan

Deng Xiaoping (19051997)

De-Maoization “The 4 Modernizations” Progress in: ► Agriculture ► Industry ► Science ► Defense Class struggle was no longer the central focus!

The New China: “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” • “It doesn’t matter if a cat is a white cat or a black cat as long as it catches the mice. ” • “To Get rich is Glorious”

Gap Between Rich & Poor Deng: If you open a window, some flies naturally get in!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 More democracy!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The “Goddess of Democracy”

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Government Clamps Down

Tiananmen Square, 1989 One Lone Man’s Protest

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Army Looks for Dissidents

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student Leaders Are Arrested

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Chinese Students Mourn the Dead

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Reestablishment of Order

What’s the Message Here?

Demography ► may be no surer predictor of destiny than trade data. But of the two momentous changes championed by Deng Xiaoping a quarter-century ago, coercive population controls and experiments with market economics, the jury is still out on which will do more to shape China's long-term potential.