The Rise of Totalitarianism Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini

The Rise of Totalitarianism � Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Francisco Franco Hideki Tojo

Totalitarianism Centralized government: does not tolerate parties or differing opinions. A dictatorial control over all aspects of life Authoritarianism: where ordinary citizens have no significant share in state decision-making Ideology: a scheme of values distributed to direct the most significant aspects of public and private life Cult of Personality: use of mass media to create an idealized public image, pursing religious like fervency among the populace.

Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society. Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life. – Including: economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.

Rise of Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War. – Attrition made required total effort – War required all institutions & individuals to subordinate their interests to victory Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)

Russia Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR – After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks & Lenin had solidified control by 1923. Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.

Stalin’s Reign Stalin immediately shifted away from Lenin’s policy Problems faced by Russia: – USSR had not fully industrialized, and had a weak military – Government remained unstable (Civil War/Lenin) – Economy stagnated

Stalinism “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet government – Stalin Rejected dissent Stalin = sole interpreter World wide Communist revolution post-poned – Economic Changes Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans) Collectivization of Agriculture – Effective BUT… – Purges Millions killed Guilty executed or sent to Gulag

Results of Stalinism: Ukraine Famine (Holodomor ) Ukranian Famine (1932 -33) – Resulted from forced collectivization – Broke the will of peasants to resist collectivization. – Ukraine traumatized Death toll: Estimates range from 2 -10 million. “It showed the peasants who is the master here. It cost millions of lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay. ” - One of Stalin’s lieutenants in Ukraine

Italy & WWI leaves Italy with many problems: – Heavy debts – Did not receive the land promised by France & G. B. – Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.

Italy & Mussolini: Splits with Socialists over WWI After WWI Mussolini envisioned a great Italian empire… a new Roman Empire.

March on Rome: October, 1922 – Coup d'état Mussolini's National Fascist Party rise to power in Italy – Ousted Prime Minister – King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal right-wing. Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship

Fascist Italy Blackshirts: Paramilitary group. – Used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents. Blackshirts & Secret police = more power for Mussolini – Black shirts have gov’t support: fear of a communist revolution.

Mussolini Rises to Power 1919: Founded National Fascist Party – “fasces” Roman symbol unity/strength • 1921 - Entered Parliament • 1922 - Became Premier of Italy • 1925 - Declared Italy a fascist dictatorship No longer responsible to Parliament Could only be removed by the king.

Fascism is a combination of many ideas – Corporatism: Power exercised through large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state – Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions – Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda

What is Fascism? Believes humans are motivated by glory and heroism not economics. Opposite of both Communism & Capitalism Support a “Third Way” for economics, which was neither Communist nor Capitalist. significant government control over business and labor

Nationalism, Race &Fascism Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society – Communists emphasized class struggle Nations bind people by their ancestry Nations are natural & good Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’ – Celebrates the nation & race above all else, – Cults of unity, strength and purity.

Communism 1. History = class struggle 2. Nations are arbitrary class should unite the world 3. Global viewpoint 4. Gov’t runs industry Fascism 1. Struggle between nations & races 2. Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized 3. National viewpoint 4. Gov’t has some control over industry

Germany: Weimar Republic A parliamentary republic established in 1919. Faced numerous problems – Hyperinflation – Political extremists – War Reparations Collapsed in the early 1930 s

Adolf Hitler Austrian-born German Decorated WWI veteran Leader of the National Socilaist German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party

Hitler By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability Nazi Party: Centered in Munich – German nationalist movement S. A. (Sturmabteilung) – Stormtroopers/”brown shirts” – Paramilitary organization S. S. (Schutzstaffel) – Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany

Beer Hall Putsch November, 1923 Failed Coup attempt Hitler wanted to emulate the March on Rome November 8 th: Declares a new government in a Beer Hall November 9 th –The March Begins – To Bavarian War Ministry – Clash with police and march destroyed

Arrest, Trial, Prison Hitler arrested for High Treason Trial Uses trial as a platform Gains noteriety & popularity April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years – Served less than one year Mein Kampf: “My Struggle” – Part Autobiography part political rant – Helps spread his ideas.

Strategy of Legality Hitler changed his strategy to come to power. The Strategy of Legality: – adhere to the rules of Weimar – Use the institutions of Weimar Republic to destroy it/come to power

Depression, Election By 1930 the Depression strikes Germany President Paul von Hindenburg ran for re-election in 1932 – The only one who could defeat Hitler – Wins election – Has difficulty fending off Nazis 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany

Reichstag Fire February 1933: Reichstag set on fire The fire began Hitler’s rise to total power – Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘ 33) Suspends civil liberties. – Enabling Act (March ’ 33) Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers. – Hindenburg dies (August ’ 34) Hitler declared the office of President vacant Hitler makes himself head of state or "Führer”

Propaganda Triumph of the Will – Leni Riefenstahl http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y. R 67 q 5 P_YU http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 h. Ezs 7 x 5 a EM

Hermann Göring - designated successor, and commander of the Luftwaffe Joseph Goebbels- Minister of Propaganda. One of Hitler’s closest associates/followers. Archetect of Kristallnacht Heinrich Himmler – One of most powerful Nazis. Over saw police forces, SS, & Gestapo

Adolf Eichmann: “The architect of the Holocaust” -managed the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos &extermination camps Rudolf Hess: “Deputy to the Fuhrer” Adolf Hitler’s deputy in Nazi Party. Dr. Josef Mengele: “Angel of Death” -- At Auschwitz. he determined who was to be killed and who was to do forced labor. – human experiments

Francisco Franco Head of State of Spain from 1936 -1975. Franco's governance went through various phases All emphasized: – Spanish nationalism – Maintaining territorial integrity – Catholicism – Anti-Communism – Emphasis on traditional values

Spanish Civil War 1936 -1939: It began after a coup by Spanish Army Generals The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces – Republican gov’t overthrown – Dictatorship established with Franco at it’s helm.

Spanish Civil War: Petri Dish The War increased tensions in Europe Proxy War? Use of third parties as substitutes for direct fighting New tactics tried – Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”) – New tank warfare tactics – Terror bombing of cities from the air.

Guernica Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.

Emperor Hirohito & Hideki Tojo HIROHITO –Emperor of Japan prior to and during WWII –Sanctioned the attack on Pearl Harbor & war with the US TOJO Prime Minister of Japan during much of WWII After the end of the war, sentenced to death for war crimes

The Empire of Japan Rapid industrialization and Militarization emergence as a world power – Leads to membership in the Axis Alliance of WWII Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.

Extent of Empire

Nanking Massacre: Rape of Nanking 1937: A six week period – Hundreds of thousands of civilians murdered – 20, 000– 80, 000 women were raped by Japanese soldiers

Timeline 1931 -32 1937 – Japan invades – Japan – full scale invasion Manchuria of China (Rape of Nanking) 1935: 1938 – Italy invades Ethiopia – Anschluss: Germany – Germany reintroduces invades/ annex Austria Conscription (violation) – Hitler claims Sudetenland 1936 – Germany seizes Czechoslovakia – Germany Remilitarized Rhineland 1939 – Franco revolts against – Italy invades/annexes Spainish Gov’t. Albania – Tripartate Pact: – Hitler demands Danzig (Poland) – First Concentration Camps – Sept. 1, 1939

Rhineland Manchuria Sudetenland