The Rise of Totalitarianism 1919 1939 Ohio Standards

The Rise of Totalitarianism 1919 -1939

Ohio Standards § Topic: From Isolation to World War (1930 -1945) § The isolationist approach to foreign policy meant U. S. leadership in world affairs diminished after World War I. Overseas, certain nations saw the growth of tyrannical governments which reasserted their power through aggression and created conditions leading to the Second World War. After Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II, which changed the country’s focus from isolationism to international involvement. § 16. During the 1930 s, the U. S. government attempted to distance the country from earlier interventionist policies in the Western Hemisphere as well as retain an isolationist approach to events in Europe and Asia until the beginning of WWII. §

I will know the following… §Why the western democracies were having difficulties after the win in WWI. §Who the western democracies were. §How WWI led to the Great Depression and the rise in Totalitarian states.

The Search for Peace after WWI § Countries are pursuing disarmament, reduction of armed forces and weapons. § US, Britain and France sign a treaty to reduce size of navies– not armies § League of Nationsencourage cooperation. § Treaty of Versailles- not working- nobody is happy

The weakness of the League § Set up in the Treaty of Versailles § Powerless to stop aggression between countries. § 1931 - Japan invades Manchuria. The League could do nothing to stop it. § So now…ambitious leaders note the Leagues weakness and begin aggressive foreign policies.

Postwar economy of the 20’s • Because of the Treaty of Versailles • Germany owes reparations to… • (but they have no money) • Great Britain and France- owe $ to US • (both heavily hurt due to WWI) • US waiting for $ • (very much needed by 1931)

The 3 Western Democracies § Great Britain in debt § Factories in bad shape § Unemployment high § Wages low § Worker unrest strikes § France- recovering but politically unstable § US- loaning money to Europe. (China? ) § Will kill us in the 30’s, but what else can we do?

Then along comes the Great Depression. § Uneven wealth § Overproduction unemployment § 1929 people nervous sell stocks § Stock Market crashes businesses close widespread unemployment

Depression spreads throughout Europe, because we are a global economy!!!!

The democracies react § Great Britain- 25% unemployment § France- people begin to demand change § US- FDR and the New Deal §The New Deal did not end the Great Depression it eased the suffering.

So now… §People lose faith in democratic governments. §Extremists come out and promise radical solutions!!!

Quiz time § 1. Who were the 3 western democracies after WWI? § 2. What kind of difficulties were they facing? § 3. How did these difficulties lead to the rise in totalitarian states?

New focus §What is fascism? §How did Mussolini get control of Italy? §How are fascism and communism alike and different?

Fascism in Italy. Mussolini’s Rise After WWI- Treaty of Versailles- Italy was promised areas of Austria-Hungary if they won. After the win- only received a few areas. Hate begins and so does intense nationalism.

Benito Mussolini § Organized veterans and the many discontented into the Fascist Party. § Promises to end corruption and bring order to Italy.

Mussolini gets organized § Supporters put into “combat squads” called “black shirts” § Rejected democracy § Violent § Ousted elected officials § 1922 - March on Rome- the king is scared and asks Mussolini to form a government as prime minister

1925 - Mussolini assumes even more power § Suppressed rival parties § Rigged elections § Replaced elected officials with fascist supporters § Censored the press § Critics thrown into prison § Secret police § Propaganda § Italy is now under a dictatorship.

What is fascism? § The state is more important than any individual § It is a centralized authoritarian government that is not communist. § Policies glorify the state, not the individual § Destructive to basic human rights § Nationalistic- blind loyalty to the state

Expectations § Men are to fight for the glory of Italy!!! § Women are to win the battle of motherhood. § If you have 14 children you will earn a medal!!!!

What’s the difference? Fascism § Nationalistic goals § Society with classes § Communism § International change § Classless society What do they have in common? § Flourish during hard times § Inspire blind devotion to state § Terror to guard power § Promote extreme programs of social change

Quiz § How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to Mussolini’s rise? § Name a few things Mussolini did to be considered a dictator? § What do fascism and communism have in common?

New Focus §Know the difference between Communism and Totalitarian states. §Good and bad points of the 5 -year plans. §Good and bad points of agriculture plans in USSR.

Stalin and the Soviet Union § Jan. 1924 - Lenin dies and is put on permanent display in Red Square for 65 years. § Now it is Stalin’s turn to carry on the goals of the communist revolution.

A Totalitarian State § In true communismthe government withers away § Under Stalin- Soviet Union turned into a totalitarian state controlled by a powerful and complex bureaucracy.

5 Year Plans § Aim § building heavy industry under government control § Improve transportation § Improve farm output § All businesses owned by the government and the government distributes all resources § =command economy

The results of the 5 year plans § Industry and transportation had high production goals. § Pushed workers. Bonus for success. Punishment for failures. § 1928 -1939 - large factories built, hydroelectric power stations built, oil, steel and coal production is up, railroads are built § Russia is getting better, the workers are not. Standard of living is very low. § Central planning is inefficient. There are shortages and low quality of goods because workers are concerned about quotas not quality. § wages low and unable to strike.

Forced collectivization in agriculture § Farmers need to produce more for the Soviet population and to sell abroad. § Stalin puts peasants on state owned farms or collectives. § Government provides tractors, seeds… § Peasants learn modern farming techniques. § Peasants could keep their belongings but farm animals and implements become state owned.

problems § Peasants don’t like the collectives. § They don’t want to give up their land. § They resist by killing their farm animals. § Destroy tools § Burn crops

Stalin is mad § Believe kulaks, wealthy farmers were behind the resistance. § So he declares his intention to “liquidate” kulaks as a class. § Government takes their land sends them to labor camps. § Thousands were killed from overwork.

So now the peasants react Grow only enough food to feed themselves Government seizes their grain. Peasants starve. Then there were poor harvest years thrown in there. Terror Famine- 5 -8 million dead from starvation.

Agriculture §Farm output is bad §Short supply of food §Feeding the population a major problem in USSR

Quiz 1. How is a totalitarian state and true communism different? 2. Stalin’s 5 year plans. §Discuss 2 good and 2 bad points. §What would you change to make them better? 3. Why did the agriculture plan fail?

New focus §How were people terrorized in the USSR? §How were people manipulated in the USSR?

Terror in the USSR § Secret police § Torture § Violent purges § Spies- open private letters, listening devices, § Official government approval over all printed material § Protesters were sent to gulags, labor camps.

The Great Purge- 1934 §Crack down on “old Bolsheviks”, army hero's, industrial managers and writers. §Charged with many crimes. § 1936 -38 - “show trials”. Former communist leaders confessed to crimes after tortured and their families threatened. § 4 million purged.

Results of the Purge § Stalin’s power is increased. § Everyone knows what will happen if you are disloyal. § Purged experts in industry, military leaders, writers and thinkers. § When Germany invades in 1941, the Soviet Union will be in trouble.

Communists attempt to control thought §Propaganda §Censorship §Imposing culture §Replace religion with communist ideology.

Propaganda § Boost morale and faith in communism. § Stalin- god-like figure. § Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth"

What was done? § Radios and loudspeakers blared in towns and factories, movies and schools. They always talked about the evils of capitalism.

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= TTd. Tc. Kq. Ae. GM&feature=relmfu secret police § http: //www. youtube. com/wa tch? v=n. FB 9 G 1 HINXI&featu re=related § Show trials § http: //www. youtube. com/wa tch? v=a. Mwbv. IVh 2 EQ § Capitalism v communism

Censorship of the Arts § Government controlled what books were published § What music was heard § What art displayed § Stalin requires artists to create socialist realism, portray soviet life as positive. § Those who did not conform were persecuted.

§ Roses for Stalin-era (1949). Painted by Boris Ieremeevich Vladimirski. Oil on canvas

Celebration. Stalin-era (1950 s). Painted by T. S. Naumova (Ukraine). Oil on Canvas

§ Lenin With Villagers. Post-Stalin (1959). Painted by Evdokiya Usikova (Ukraine). Oil on canvas,

Drama in Soviet Court. Post-Stalin (1955). Painted by Solodovnikov. Oil on Canvas

Russification § Making a nationality’s culture more Russian. § The purpose of Russification was to unite all Soviet ruled countries under a single heritage to produce solidarity. It was an attempt at assimilating all people into the Russian culture to create an "us versus them" mentality.

War on religion § Atheism, belief in no god is the official state policy. § the sacred texts is the writings of Marx and Lenin. § No religious icons in homes only pictures of Stalin

Soviet society § New elites emerge as the ruling class § Members of the communist party headed this new class § Also comprised of industrial managers, military leaders… § All got benefits § But on the flip side… Stalin’s purges often fell on the elite.

The common people under communism benefits § Free communist built schools. Educated workers were needed for the new industrial state. § Sports programs. § Free daycare, medical care, inexpensive housing drawbacks § Schools taught the love of Stalin, atheism, glory of collective farming… § Sport picked for you. Olympics. Family ties. § Central planning is terrible

Foreign policy § The communists want worldwide revolution. 1919 comintern encouraged worldwide revolution and encouraged colonial people to rise up against imperialist powers. § The soviets want support from other countries for their own security. §You can’t have both!!!

Stalin dies in 1953 § During his reign the Soviet Union became a world leader in industry and was a military superpower. § Unfortunately it was on the backs of the common people.

Quiz § The Great Purge and “show trials” tried to eliminate_______. anyone Stalin saw as a threat § What was the goal of Comintern? encourage worldwide revolution § Wealthy Russian farmers were called _____. kulaks

§ Map of countries that declared themselves or were declared to be socialist states under the Marxist-Leninist or Maoist definition between 1979 and 1983

§ A map showing the current (2012) states with self-declared communist governments. They are China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North Korea.

Osip Mandelstam Described by one critic as the sixteen lines of a death sentence, this is perhaps the twentieth century’s most important political poem, written by one of its greatest poets against the man who may well be said to have been the cruelest of its tyrants. Sentenced to a prison camp in Siberia- Died in 1938

EPIGRAM AGAINST STALIN We live without feeling the country beneath our feet, ( citizens live in fear) our words are inaudible from ten steps away. ( People talk quietly, afraid of gov’t) Any conversation, however brief, ( citizens in constant rush ) gravitates, gratingly, toward the Kremlin’s mountain man. (People irritated with the gov’t ) His greasy fingers are thick as worms, ( lack of respect for Stalin) his words weighty hammers slamming their target. (Stalin struggled with Russian language) His cockroach moustache seems to snicker, ( Makes him comic like) and the shafts of his high-topped boots gleam. (distinctive uniform of the Bolsheviks) Amid a rabble of scrawny-necked chieftains, (People who surrounded Stalin) he toys with the favors of such homunculi. (miniature man) One hisses, the other mewls, one groans, the other weeps; (He is forseeing the “show trials”) he prowls thunderously among them, showering them with scorn. (He talks nonsense) Forging decree after decree, like horseshoes, (rapidly and without thought) he pitches one to the belly, another to the forehead, a third to the eyebrow, a fourth in the eye. (his decrees have fatal consequences) Every execution is a carnival ( brings joy) that fills his broad Ossetian chest with delight. (His chest is made of iron and inside it millions of victims rage)

Osip Mandelstam/N. Khazina primary source documents § After Osip Mandelstam's death, Nadezhda Khazina wrote about their experiences of living in the Soviet Union during the 1930 s in her book, Hope Against Hope (1970) § In the period of the Yezhov terror - the mass arrests came in waves of varying intensity - there must sometimes have been no more room in the jails, and to those of us still free it looked as though the highest wave had passed and the terror was abating. After each show trial, people sighed, "Well, it's all over at last. " What they meant was: "Thank God, it looks as though I've escaped. But then there would be a new wave, and the same people would rush to heap abuse on the "enemies of the people. " § Wild inventions and monstrous accusations had become an end in themselves, and officials of the secret police applied all their ingenuity to them, as though reveling in the total arbitrariness of their power.

§ The principles and aims of mass terror have nothing in common with ordinary police work or with security. The only purpose of terror is intimidation. To plunge the whole country into a state of chronic fear, the number of victims must be raised to astronomical levels, and on every floor of every building there must always be several apartments from which the tenants have suddenly been taken away. The remaining inhabitants will be model citizens for the rest of their lives this was true for every street and every city through which the broom has swept. The only essential thing for those who rule by terror is not to overlook the new generations growing up without faith in their elders, and keep on repeating the process in systematic fashion. Stalin ruled for a long time and saw to it that the waves of terror recurred from time to time, always on even greater scale than before. But the champions of terror invariably leave one thing out of account - namely, that they can't kill everyone, and among their cowed, half-demented subjects there always witnesses who survive to tell the tale.

Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

Focus on… §What were the problems of the Weimer Republic? §What were the Nazi party’s political, social, economic and cultural policies?

Let’s go back to Nov. 1923 § Adolf Hitler § German army veteran § Leader of an extremist party § led a small coup in Munich § It failed § Sent to prison § Within ten years he would be back

Questions to ponder 1. Why did Germany, who had a democratic government in the 20’s, become a totalitarian state in the 30’s? 2. How could a ruthless dictator gain the enthusiastic support of many Germans?

The Weimar Republic § After WWI Germany was in chaos § Kaiser abdicated § Moderate leaders come in and sign the armistice and Treaty of Versailles. § Drafted a constitution and created a democratic gov’t. § They have a parliamentary system led by a chancellor, or prime minister § Bill of Rights § Women given the right to vote.

Political struggles § Weak after the war, to many small parties § Communists want radical changes like in the USSR § Conservatives felt the new gov’t was to liberal and weak § Everyone blamed them for the Treaty of Versailles problems. § Scapegoats needed Jews

Economic problems § 1923 - Germany falling behind in reparation payments. § So they printed more money inflation § What cost 100 marks in 1922, cost 944 marks in 1923.

Achtung- it’s quiz time § Why did the Weimar Republic fall apart? § Runaway inflation and to many political parties. § Why does printing money to pay your bills end up in disaster? § It makes the money worthless. inflation.

US steps in § We helped bring their inflation under control. § We helped reduce their reparations payments. Dawes Plan § But then… our Great Depression § And Germany falls back again. § Now a leader is needed to solve the economic crisis.

Adolf Hitler § Went to Vienna, Austria at 18 § German Austrians felt superior to others there § This is where he developed his anti-Semitism, or prejudice against Jews. § Fought in WWI § Hated the Weimar Republic § Became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi Party. § Organized fighting squads

Hitler § Coup § Prison § Mein Kampf § Germans were the “master race” and their enemies were the Jews § Extreme nationalism pride in Germany’s past. § Hitler viewed Jews as a separate race not a religion § To revive Germany, they must expand have a fuhrer.

Hitler comes to power § Released after less than a year from prison § Gave speeches § As German unemployment rose so did Nazi party membership.

The promises § End reparations § Create jobs § Rearm Germany

The fears § Fearing the growth of communist political power, conservative politicians turned to Hitler. § They despised him, but felt they could control him. § Hitler appointed chancellor in 1933 § Dictator within a year. § Suspends civil rights § Purges Nazi’s he felt were disloyal. § Hitler demands unquestioned obedience.

Quiz § What was the Nazi Party’s ideology? 3 things… § Anti-Semitism § Nationalism § Revenge for the Treaty of Versailles § What was Hitler’s plan for ruling Germany? 3 things… § Defy the treaty § Create jobs § Bring Germany back to greatness

The Third Reich § Hitler wants to revive Germany’s greatness by remembering past glories. § The First Reich (empire) was in the medieval Holy Roman Empire § Second Reich in 1870’s by Bismark § The Third Reich would be under Hitler.

To combat the 30’s depression § Did public workshis version of the New Deal § Began rearming Germany § Wanted to reunite Germany with Austria

To get it done § Began an efficient yet brutal system of government § They controlled everything. (religion, gov’t, education) § Enforcers were the SS § Gestapo- rooted out opposition § But, if you question the gov’t you die!!!

The Jews § Wanted to drive them from Germany § 1935 - passed the Nuremberg laws. No German citizenship and many restrictions. § Many Jews will flee

Night of Broken Glass § A young Jew, whose parents were mistreated in Germany, shot a diplomat in Paris. (Nov. 7, 1938) § Hitler sees this as an opportunity to attack all Jewish communities § Kristallnacht (Nov. 9 -10) § They smashed windows of Jewish homes and businesses. § Looted shops § Burned synagogues § Jews were dragged from their homes and beaten

Hitler Youth § Pledge absolute loyalty to Germany § Physical fitness programs to prepare for war. § Pure blood Aryan girls were rewarded for having more children.

Purging Culture § No modern art- corrupted by Jewish influences § No jazz- corrupted by black influences § Christianity- weak. Combine all Protestant sects into one state church. No Catholics. § Book burnings

That’s the set up WWII begins