The Rise of Nations The Holy Roman Empire

The Rise of Nations: The Holy Roman Empire and Spain By: Ms. Thompson 7 th Grade World History

The Holy Roman Empire Origins 800: Charlemagne is crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope Leo III His grandsons divide up the empire and that is how we get modern day France, Germany and Italy Otto I: (936 -973): Ends the Magyar invasion Gives the Catholic bishops land government jobs if loyal This increases the power of the Catholic Church Conquers northern and southern Italy and made the Holy Roman Empire Makes a rule that new popes must be approved by the emperor Removes Pope John XII from power

Henry IV (1056 -1106) Lay Investiture Crisis: Investiture was when a bishop was given his position in the Catholic church The Holy Roman Emperor had done this for year, but now people were buying their jobs in the church (simony) Pope Gregory VII ends simony and lay investiture Pope Gregory says that the Holy Roman Emperor is a vassal to the pope. Henry IV declares that Pope Gregory is not the pope Pope Gregory excommunicates Henry IV and all the bishops who declared he was not the pope German nobles revolt against him Henry IV defeats the nobles and kicks out the pope

Henry V (1106 -1125) Son of Henry IV Henry V captured the pope, but had to fight German nobles supporting the pope Concordat of Worms (1122): Peace between the pope and Holy Roman Emperor ends the investiture crisis Pope will give the bishop his spiritual position and the Holy Roman Emperor gives the bishop his land Holy Roman Emperor will not interfere with the bishop election

Hohenstaufen vs. Welf Henry V dies childless, so the German nobles elect Henry V’s rival, Lothair (Duke of Saxony), as the next Holy Roman Emperor Lothair is a member of the Welf family Henry V’s nephews believe that they should be the Holy Roman Emperor They are part of the Hohenstaufen family The struggle spreads to Italy where people either support the Welf or Hohenstaufen family The dispute is settled when Frederick Barbarosa a relative of both a Welf and Hohenstaufen becomes the next emperor

Maximillian (1486 -1519) Holy Roman Emperor who married his children to many European royal families He marries Mary of Burgundy, daughter of the last Duke of Burgundy His son, Philip the Handsome, marries Spain’s Ferdinand Isabella’s daughter He was part of the Hapsburgs A family that would rule Austria until 1918 and at various times ruled the Holy Roman Empire and Spain

Charles V (1519 -1556) Grandson of Spain’s Ferdinand Isabella, Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian and Burgundy’s Countess Mary He was the Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Duke of Burgundy and Archduke of Austria Rivals: He was the rival of French King Francis I and England’s Henry VIII Fought Francis I for control of Italy Religious Struggles: Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis was published in his lands He would struggle with German nobles, Italians and Dutch Abdication: Too many struggles cause him to give his brother the Holy Roman Empire and his son Spain

Spain Origins 711: The Muslims, under the Umayyad Dynasty, conquered the Visigoth Kingdom Christians fought each other and the Muslims to create independent kingdoms “Reconquista”: Spanish for reconquest The Christian Spanish try to take back land from the Muslims (718 -1492) Leon and Castile: In 1230, Ferdinand III united the two kingdoms and conquers more Muslim controlled land Ferdinand Isabella: The King of Aragon, Ferdinand, and Queen of Castile and Leon, Isabella, get married and unite the two biggest Spanish Christian Empires End the Muslim rule in 1492: Money gained from conquering Muslim lands allows them to pay for Columbus’s voyage

Spanish Inquisition Hoping to unite Spain, Ferdinand Isabella want only one religion in their kingdom, Roman Catholicism All Jews and Muslims must convert, move or die Under a Catholic priest, Tomas de Torquemada, the Spanish Inquisition had killed an estimated 8, 000 and even investigated two future catholic saints St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Teresa of Avila

Resources • Google images • Human Heritage: A World History by Miriam Greenblatt and Peter S. Lemmo