The Rise of China Chinas Isolation civilization developed
- Slides: 70
The Rise of China
China’s Isolation civilization developed in isolation from the civilizations of India and the west due to mountains and deserts Developed and retained distinct culture Lack of contact gave China a strong sense of identity and superiority. Ethnocentrism
Chinese Dynasties From beginning to end… Shang Dynasty 1766 BCE - 1027 BCE Zhou Dynasty 1122 BCE -256 BCE Qin Dynasty 221 BCE - 206 BCE Early Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 AD Later Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD Three Kingdoms - Period of Disunion 220 AD - 280 AD Sui Dynasty 589 AD - 618 AD Tang Dynasty 618 AD - 907 AD Sung Dynasty 969 AD - 1279 AD Yuan Dyansty 1279 AD - 1368 AD Ming Dynasty 1368 AD - 1644 AD Qing Dynasty 1644 AD - 1912 AD Republic Peoples Republic of China
Let’s Sing! Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong
The Shang Dynasty China’s first historic dynasty Began along the Huang He between 1750 B. C and 1500 B. C Clans, groups of families, controlled land Human sacrifice Original written language was developed and eventually called Calligraphy Prayed to many gods and nature spirits, especially dead ancestors Believed that the universe was held in a delicate balance between the yin and the yang Decline: collapsed in 1122 B. C. Decline was due to a king exhausting his kingdom in wars with the nomadic people
Zhou Dynasty Most enduring Chinese dynasty: lasted 900 yrs Internal trade expanded and copper coins came into use as currency Introduction of iron: transformed Chinese agriculture Built canals, dikes and reservoirs for irrigation China’s population rose Had a decentralized government. They granted lands to members of the royal family Decline: by the 800 s B. C kings were losing control and there were many raids on the lands by non-Chinese peoples
The Qin Dynasty Came to power in 221 B. C through military might Founded by Shi Huangdi (means first emperor) Dynasty unified China under a strong central government Standardized weights, measures and currency Established a uniform system of writing Attempted to keep intruders out by building part of the Great Wall of China on their northern and northwestern fronteirs Maintained order in their empire by establishing an autocracy which the emperor held total power
The Han Dynasty Founded by Liu Bang Ruled a centralized government and expanding empire Maintained power for almost 400 yrs Built a centralized civil service system to govern China Instituted an examination system for recommended candidates for civil service positions Population grew to 60 million Paper invented Han ruled China until A. D 220 and not until A. D 589 did a Chinese general unify China again
Post-Han China Period of the Six Dynasties (220 -589 CE) Bureaucracy collapsed Buddhism gained strength, replacing Confucianism Non-Chinese nomads rule much Chinese territory
Confucianism Not a religious prophet but he taught the importance of the family, respect for one’s elders and reverence for the past Taught that following these basic beliefs would lead to a healthy society: Honor, loyalty, Duty, Responsibility, Respect Wanted to maintain social order Scholars held high position; civil service exam; disliked merchants
Daoism Name from its central idea: the Dao (the way of nature) Founded by Laozi who believed that only by withdrawing from the world and contemplating nature could people understand the Dao and live in harmony with it People should not strive for riches and power Laozi shunned politics Much like yin and yang, Daoism and Confucianism came to be important parts of Chinese culture
Legalism Concerned with politics Teachings greatly differed from the teachings of Confucius Legalists believed in power, not virtue, and in harsh laws In their view people were by nature selfish and untrustworthy Peace and prosperity could only be achieved by threatening severe punishment in case people failed to do what the laws expected of them
Chinese Life and Culture The family not the individuals was the most important unit in Chinese society. Family was ruled by the father. Father arranged marriages and decided on the amount of education his sons would get Women were subordinate to men
The Rise of China (Again) The collapse of the Han Dynasty China split into regional kingdoms By the 6 th century, centralized government re-emerged in China Sui Dynasty (589 -618) Tang Dynasty (618 -907) Song Dynasty (960 -1279) Chinese culture influenced East Asia
The Rise of China (Sui, Tang, Song)
The Sui Dynasty (589 -618) Founded by Yiang Jian Began process of centralizing government Used Buddhism & Confucian civil service system to establish legitimacy
The Sui Dynasty The Grand Canal Biggest accomplishment of the Sui Dynasty Connected northern and southern China Connected Huang He and Yangzi rivers Transported crops in large quantities easily Extended 1, 240 miles Integrated domestic economy of china by connecting the north and south
The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals 2000 k (1240 miles) Roads on either bank Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20 th century
The Tang Dynasty (618 -907) Tang Taizong (r. 627 -649) Provided a stable government – expanded territory beyond China into Tibet & Korea Ruled according to Confucian values (scholars more valued than soldiers); civil service exam Also supported Daoism & Buddhism Price of rice was stable Low taxes imposed on peasants
Tang Dynasty - Political Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil examinations Tested on Confucian classics, Chinese literature Opened government positions to all males Expanded pool of talent Worked for 1, 300 years Military expansion Korea in the north Vietnam in the south Central Asia to the west
Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty - Economics Established military outposts (Kashgar) to secure Silk Road trade Grand Canal served as primary route throughout China Equal field system Provided equal distribution of land Land given to peasant families in return for tax in grain 20% remained in the family The rest redistributed
The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589 -907 C. E.
Major achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field System 20% of land hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility Worked well until 8 th century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
Decline of Tang Dynasty Decline Began in the 8 th century Bad leadership High taxes Peasant rebellions erupted Central government collapsed Dynasty came to an end in 907
The Rise of China (Again) Song Dynasty (960 -1279) Period of anarchy followed after collapse of the Tang Dynasty Established by Song Taizu in 960 Expanded the government Opened more positions through the examination system
Faced both foreign invasion and civil wars Chinese civilization remained at a high level and trade expanded Chinese further improved civil service system- Made it harder for people to cheat Great inventions: gunpowder, and printing By 1050 Chinas population reached 100 million More extensive water control systems and agricultural productivity greatly increased More people came to live in the cities The Song Dynasty
The Song dynasty, 960 -1279 C. E.
Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy Two peasant rebellions in 12 th c. Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks
Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice (Champa), 2 crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals Terrace farming
The Rise of China (Again) Song Dynasty Major problems Government got too big to support Required raising taxes Peasants paid most of the taxes Military not as effected as under the Tang Dynasty Northern China taken over by nomads borders shrank Overthrown by the Mongols in 1258
Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Footbinding gains popularity Increased control by male family members
Women Women’s status declined further during Tang and Sung Dynasties, especially in cities. Practice of foot-binding began during this period. Bound feet were considered beautiful and revealed the wealth and prestige of the woman’s husband.
Foot Binding
Footbinding
Agriculture
Specialization Agricultural Regional Areas of Specialization
Agriculture: Fast-ripening rice As Tang and Song armies ventured into Vietnam, they encountered fastripening rice - Champa Allowed two crops per year When introduced into the fertile fields of southern China, fastripening rice quickly expanded the food supply – population increases Chinese characters for “rice field”
New Agricultural Techniques Heavy iron plows Harnessed oxen and water buffaloes – draft animals Enriched soil with manure and composted organic matter Extensive irrigation systems Reservoirs, dikes, dams, pumps, water wheels Artificial irrigation greatly increased agricultural production which led to a rapid population expansion
The Rise of China (Again) Technology Production of high-quality porcelain – china/plateware Became luxury items (“China”) Production of high quality metal Iron, steel Invention of gunpowder Block-printing 500 years before Gutenberg in Europe Improved navigation techniques Compasses, watertight ships, rudders
The Rise of China (Again) Chinese population growth during the Tang and Song Dynasties
Cities Southern Gate of Chang’an
Urbanization Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million Several cities over 100, 000
Cities Increased food supplies encouraged the growth of cities During the Tang Dynasty, the imperial capital of Chang’an was the world’s most populous city Perhaps two million residents During the Song Dynasty, the capital of Hangzhou had over a million residents Southern terminus of the Grand Canal
The Rise of China (Again) Market Economy Development of checks as alternative to coins in transactions Called “flying cash” Paper money Alternative to coins Had counterfeiting measures But ultimately overprinted, which lowered value Increase in foreign trade From Middle East, Central Asia, Persia, Southeast Asia, Byzantine Empire
Economic Exchange: Paper Money The search for alternatives to cash also led to the invention of paper money During the late ninth century, wealthy merchants began accepting cash from their clients and issuing them printed notes that the clients could redeem for merchandise Greatly facilitated commercial transactions
Economic Exchange: Tea trading flourished during Tang and Song era Tea was compressed into bricks and used as money
Religion and Education Buddhist merchants visited China as early as the second century B. C. Found a popular following in Tang and Song China Emphasized high standards of morality, intellectual sophistication, and a promise of salvation
New Technologies: Porcelain Tang craftsmen discovered how to produce porcelain which was lighter, thinner, and adaptable to more uses than earlier pottery Strong enough and attractive enough to serve utilitarian or aesthetic purposes Tang and Song products gained such a reputation that porcelain is commonly called “chinaware” Tang Marble Glazed Porcelain Figure
New Technologies: Printing Book printing ca. 868
New Technologies: Printing Became common in Tang era Earliest printers used block-printing techniques Carved a reverse image of an entire page into a wooden block, inked the block, then pressed a sheet of paper on top of it By the mid-eleventh century, printers began to experiment with movable type Fashioned dies in the shape of ideographs, arranged them in a frame, inked them, and pressed the frame over paper sheets Speeded up the process and allowed printers to make revisions and corrections Facilitated production and distribution of texts quickly, cheaply, and in large quantities
Impact of Movable Type Allowed large production and distribution of Buddhist texts Confucian works Calendars Agricultural treatises Popular works
New Technologies: Gunpowder During the Tang era, Daoist alchemists learned it was dangerous to mix charcoal, saltpeter, sulphur, and arsenic Military officials saw possibilities By the tenth-century, the Tang military was using gunpowder in bamboo “fire lances, ” a kind of flame thrower and by the eleventh century they had made primitive bombs
Art and Writing Poet Li Bo Poet Du Fu
Art and Writing The ruling and elite classes of the Tang and Song Dynasties were major supporters of Chinese painting. Sought elaborate and ornate art with political and educational significance Stressed realism
Religion and Education Buddha from Tang Dynasty
The Rise of China (Again) Religion Buddhism established during Tang Dynasty By Buddhist merchants along the silk road beginning in the Han Dynasy Collapse of Han Dynasty made Buddhism popular Due to loss of credibility for Confucianism Monasteries established during the Tang Dynaty Buddhism tailored to Daoist beliefs Became rival to Daoism Buddhists suffered persecution
Sycretism : 1 : the combination of different forms of belief or practice 2 : the fusion of two or more originally different inflectional forms Neo-Confucianism infused with Buddhist ideas Zhu Xi combined Confucian emphasis on good behavior with Buddhist curiosity with the cosmos Became official doctrine until the twentieth century Influenced other east Asian societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
The Rise of China (Again) Chinese Influence in East Asia Korea Under the Silla Dynasty Conquered by China during the Tang Dynasty King of Korea recognized the Emperor of China as his superior Became a tributary state Chinese culture dominated in Korea Chinese language influenced Korean written language Confucianism and Buddhism spread to Korea
Countries of Mainland Southeast Asia Strongly influenced by China and India Northern Vietnam was controlled by China for much of its history Vietnam adopted Mahayana Buddhism from the Chinese and used the writing system and political structure of the Chinese Cambodia and the other countries of Southeast Asia were more influenced by the religions and cultures of India Sanskrit language came into wide use and Theraveda Buddhism became the predominant form of Buddhism
The Rise of China (Again) Vietnam Stronger resistance against the Chinese Vietnamese elites adopted Chinese language and beliefs But retained own some of indigenous culture Women had more influence Became a tributary state Regained independence at the collapse of the Tang Dynasty
The Rise of China (Again) Japan Human settlement began during last ice age 200, 000 years ago Through land bridges from Asia Agriculture developed Small states emerged in the first millennium Nara Period (710 -794 ) Used Tang Dynasty as a model In government Adopted equal field system Adopted Conucianism and Buddhism
China and Early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710 -794 CE) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion
The Rise of China (Again) Heian Japan Chinese language adopted by the aristocracy Chinese characters adopted into Japanese Literature based on Chinese models The Tale of the Genji A story about the Japanese imperial court Medieval Japan Fell under the control of warlords Samurai served as the warrior class Worked for the warlords Would not be unified until the 19 th century
Heian Japan (794 -1185 CE) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution
Institution of the Shogun Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12 th century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto
Medieval Japan Kamakura (1185 -1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336 -1573 CE) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors
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