The Rise of Ancient Rome Chapter 8 Section

The Rise of Ancient Rome Chapter 8

Section 1: The Roman Republic

�The mythical founders of Rome: twin brothers Romulus and Remus • The legend says that they were raised by a wolf! • They want to build a city Romulus kills Remus in a fight over where to build their city, and Romulus builds Rome

Rome’s Geographical Advantages � The Tiber River flows through Rome from mountains in central Italy � Rome is at the center of a long, narrow peninsula called Italy • Italy is located on the Mediterranean Sea � The hills in the area made Rome easy to defend � The fertile soil made it easier to grow food

�Here is a map of Italy and Greece. What similarities do you see in the geography of the two countries?

The Etruscans � 900 � 600 B. C. – The first people settle Rome B. C. – A group of people called the Etruscans held power in Rome • They spoke a different language than most other ancient Italian languages – they probably came from Turkey • An Etruscan king ruled, but the Romans did not like having an all-powerful king tell them what to do • 509 B. C. – Romans defeated Etruscans and their harsh king, Tarquinius Superbus �The Romans borrowed ideas from Etruscan culture �Worshipped many of the same gods �Etruscans and Romans both used Greek alphabet �They both wore the toga – a long flowing garment, that almost looked like a sheet

Romans Form a Republic � Republic government was established • Republic: Citizens who have the right to vote select their leaders • Romans spoke a language called Latin � 264 B. C. – The Romans gain power of the entire Italian peninsula and the Republic rules over Italy

The Roman Senate �In the Roman Republic, the most powerful part of the government was the senate • At first, the senate was made up of 300 upper- class men �Patrician – a member of a wealthy family in the Roman Republic – only patricians could become Senators in the government �Plebeian – an ordinary citizen in Roman Republic �Early in the Roman Republic, plebeians could not be senators

The Roman Consuls � Consul – chief official of the government, similar to a U. S. President • 2 consuls led the government �They were responsible for enforcing laws and policies �They ruled for one year �They usually did what senate wanted them to do – the senate was really more powerful than the consuls, even though the consuls had the highest title �The senate advised consuls on foreign affairs, laws, and finances �Power was divided equally, both consuls had to agree on any decision �If one made a veto, the matter was dropped �Veto – the rejection of any planned action by a person in power �Today, Presidents veto a proposed law if he doesn’t like it • Consuls were elected by citizens • 367 B. C. – plebeians were allowed to become consuls

Other Important Officials �A dictator was appointed to handle emergency situations when consuls disagreed constantly • Dictator – A Roman official who had the powers of a king but could only hold office for six months � Praetors – Judges in Roman trials • Helped to develop rules for courts of law

�Why do you think the Romans wanted to limit the dictator’s term of rule to only 6 months?

Patricians Versus Plebeians � Patricians and plebeians had different attitudes and interests � Patricians (the rich class) • They thought of themselves as leaders • They fought to keep control of the government • They grew wealthy from Roman war conquests �With this money, they bought farms, and slaves worked for them on the farms � Plebeians (the average people) • They just wanted to be respected and treated fairly • They believed the Senate was unfair for not allowing them to take part in it • They formed groups to protect their interests • They often were out of work

�Since they believed they were being shown disrespect, the plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army as a protest • As a result, the patricians agreed to establish the Laws of the Twelve Tables �Twelve Tables – a set of laws that applied to all citizens, no matter who they were

Master of the Mediterranean �The Roman armies conquered new territory �Carthage – A North African city, located in modern day Tunisia • Carthage held power in surrounding territory and Spain �Rome took over Carthage’s territory • By 146 B. C. , the Romans had destroyed Carthage and conquered Greece • Eventually, Rome took control of Spain and Gaul (modern day France)

The Decline of the Republic � 120 B. C. – The patricians and plebeians fought over land �Private armies, led by powerful Roman politicians, also fought for power, resulting in civil war �Roman republic was breaking up, but a man named Julius Caesar emerged as a strong leader

The Rise of Julius Caesar � Julius Caesar stepped in to rule Rome • From 58 – 51 B. C. , he led the army that conquered Gaul �He helped bring new territory and many people under Roman control �He was much like Alexander the Great – he inspired loyalty from his troops with his strong leadership • In 48 B. C. , Caesar made himself dictator of Roman lands �Dictators were only supposed to rule for 6 months, but in 44 B. C. , Caesar proclaimed himself dictator for life • Caesar ruled with great power �He took power that had belonged to the senate for himself

The Death of a Dictator � Caesar slowly took all the powers of government for himself • 45 B. C. – Caesar became the only consul • 44 B. C. – Became dictator for life � These actions made many enemies for Caesar • March 15, 44 B. C. – Caesar was killed by a group of senators at a senate meeting �The Romans felt Caesar had taken his power too far

From Republic to Empire � After Caesar died, the Romans fought in civil wars, or wars against people in their own country • The civil wars lasted 13 years � After the wars were over, Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian, held power • The senate gave Octavian the title “Augustus, ” meaning “highly respected” • Augustus was the first emperor of Rome �This began the Roman Empire, which was led by an all-powerful emperor, and ended the Roman Republic � The republic had lasted 500 years, and Rome had grown

Section 1: The Roman Republic (Short Version)

�Similar to Greece: Both are peninsulas in the Mediterranean Sea with islands and vast coastlands

THE BIG IDEAS � Rome’s location on the Mediterranean Sea in Italy near mountains and rivers made it ideal for trade, defense, and growth of crops. � Rome began as a republic, which is a type of democracy in which citizens elect leaders to represent them. � Patricians (wealthy Romans) and plebeians (poor Romans) had frequent disagreements. � Rome expanded their territory greatly during the 500 years that it was a republic.

Quick Snapshot of the Roman Republic �Location: Rome, Italy (and surrounding conquered territories) �Language spoken: Latin �Time period covered: 509 B. C. – 27 B. C.

Founding of Rome – Legend of Romulus and Remus �The mythical founders of Rome: twin brothers Romulus and Remus • Raised by a wolf • Romulus kills Remus in a fight over where to build their city and who should rule �Romulus builds Rome

Rome’s Geographical Advantages � Rome is at the center of a long, narrow peninsula called Italy • Italy is located on the Mediterranean Sea � Tiber River flows through Rome � The Apennine Mountains made Rome easy to defend � Fertile soil made it easier to grow food

The Etruscans � 900 B. C. – The first people settle Rome (the Latins) � 600 B. C. – A group of people called the Etruscans began to take power in Rome • An Etruscan king ruled, but the Romans did not like having an all-powerful king tell them what to do • 509 B. C. – Romans overthrew Etruscans �The Romans borrowed ideas from Etruscan culture �Merged Etruscan and Greek religious belief �Etruscans and Romans both used Greek alphabet �They both wore the toga – a long flowing garment, that almost looked like a sheet

Romans Form a Republic �Republic government was established • Republic: Citizens who have the right to vote select their leaders

Branches of Roman Republic Consuls • 2 Consuls led the government (like U. S. President) • Led Army and the judicial system • Served a term of only one year • Power over citizens • Power over officials • Both consuls had to agree - one could veto the other • Elected by assembly Senate • 300 senate members who served for life • Advised the consuls on finances, laws, and interaction with foreign countries and created laws Roman Republic Assemblies and Tribunes • Assembly: General voting population. Tribune: represented the common people (plebeians) and fought for their rights • Approved or rejected laws • Elected consuls • Declared war

Other Important Officials �A dictator was appointed to handle emergency situations when consuls disagreed constantly • Dictator – A Roman official who had the powers of a king but could only hold office for six months � Praetors – Judges in Roman trials • Helped to develop rules for courts of law

Patricians and Plebeians � Patrician – a member of a wealthy family in the Roman Republic • They grew wealthy from Roman war conquests, and fought to keep control of the government �With this money, they bought farms, and slaves worked for them on the farms (putting ordinary Romans out of work) � Plebeian Republic – an ordinary citizen in Roman • Early in the Roman Republic, plebeians could not be senators – they were treated as inferiors by the patricians • They just wanted to be respected and treated fairly, as they often were out of work

� Since they believed they were being shown disrespect, the plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army as a protest • As a result, in 449 B. C. , the patricians agreed to establish the Laws of the Twelve Tables �Laws of the Twelve Tables – a set of laws that applied to all citizens, no matter who they were, rich or poor

Master of the Mediterranean �Romans slowly but surely gain power of the entire Italian peninsula �The Roman armies conquered new territory • Rome’s rival: Carthage – A North African city, located in modern day Tunisia �Rome vs. Carthage in three Punic Wars, with Rome the winner (264 B. C. – 146 B. C. ) • Rome conquers Greece, 146 B. C. • Rome conquers Gaul (51 B. C) and Spain (29 B. C. )

The Rise of Julius Caesar � Julius Caesar stepped in to rule Rome during a time of disagreement in the republic �Background: Strong military leader of Rome �From 58 – 51 B. C. , he led the army that conquered Gaul �He was much like Alexander the Great – he inspired loyalty from his troops with his strong leadership • In 48 B. C. , Caesar made himself dictator of Roman lands �Dictators were only supposed to rule for 6 months, but in 44 B. C. , Caesar proclaimed himself dictator for life • Caesar ruled with great power �He took power that had belonged to the senate for himself

The Death of a Dictator � Caesar slowly took all the powers of government for himself � These actions made many enemies for Caesar • March 15, 44 B. C. – Caesar was killed by a group of senators at a senate meeting �The Romans felt Caesar had taken his power too far

From Republic to Empire �After Caesar died, the Romans fought in civil wars for 13 years (wars against people in their own country) �After the wars were over, Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian, held power • The senate gave Octavian the title “Augustus, ” meaning “highly respected” • Augustus was the first all-powerful emperor of Rome �This ended the Roman Republic and began the Roman Empire

Section 2: The Roman Empire (Full Version)

Two Truths and a Lie � Before we proceed to 8. 2, let’s review 8. 1. To do this, we are going to play “Two Truths and a Lie. ” Each group will use their 8. 1 Guided Notes to come up with three pieces of information about the Roman Republic. Two will be true, and one will be false. The other groups will have to guess which statement is fiction.

Refresh Your Memory �To refresh your memory on topics from 8. 1, write the correct answers to these questions on your Do Now paper. • 1. Which Roman leader made himself dictator for life in 44 B. C. ? • 2. Who was the first emperor of Rome? • 3. How many members did the Roman senate have at a time? • 4. In what year was Julius Caesar assassinated?

Ruling an Empire �When Augustus gained power, Roman control had spread far beyond Italy

The Power of Augustus � Augustus in 27 B. C. gained power • He did not want to be an all- powerful emperor – instead, he wanted to restore the republic • Augustus respected the senate and wanted to share power with them �He was a good ruler; he did such a good job that the Roman people wanted to make him an all-powerful emperor

Think and Respond �Do you find it strange that the Roman people would want Augustus to be an allpowerful ruler, instead of sharing power? Why?

�The rule of Augustus began the Roman Empire • The Roman Empire was ruled by a powerful emperor • The senate still existed to help the emperor make decisions, but they had very little power

Governing Conquered Peoples � The Romans expanded their empire by conquering a large amount of land • The Romans took some slaves after conquering lands, but most people remained free � Rome divided its empire into provinces in order to organize the government • Province: an area of the empire ruled by a Roman governor and supported by an army

�The Romans allowed conquered people to follow their own religions and way of life; they did not force them to do everything the Romans did • As long as there was peace, Roman governors did not interfere, they only supervised the people • The Roman government’s one requirement: they did want people to pay taxes • Many people adopted Roman culture anyway, such as the Latin language and Roman religion

The Good and Bad Emperors � Augustus died in 14 A. D. � After Augustus’ death, Rome had several bad emperors • Caligula – He believed he was a god and was cruel and unfair • Nero – He murdered his halfbrother, mother, and wife • Caligula and Nero were hated by Romans so much that they removed them from the official Roman records

� In 96 A. D. , Rome entered into a period of having “good emperors” • Hadrian �He built a strong government �He made laws to protect women, children, and slaves, which extended throughout the empire �He reorganized and improved the army, making them more disciplined

Exit Question � As you have learned, a republic is a government in which citizens elect leaders to make laws for them. An empire is a government in which an all-powerful emperor makes all the decisions for everyone – and you can’t argue with him. • If you are facing the windows, you will write 2 pros and 2 cons of a republic. If you are facing the door, you will write 2 pros and 2 cons of an empire with an allpowerful ruler.

Think-Pair-Share � Now, discuss the pros and cons of your type of government with the person next to you, who wrote about the same type of government. � Now, discuss both types of government with your whole group. As a group, decide which kind of government you would like to live under, and tell us why.

The Greek Influence on Rome Religion �The Romans greatly admired the Greeks • Greek religion influenced Roman religion �Both practiced polytheism – belief in more than one god • Many Roman gods were similar or the same as Greek gods �Zeus = Jupiter �Poseidon = Neptune �The Romans also told stories using heroes from Greek mythology

Building on Ideas �The Romans studied Greek knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy • They also wanted to understand the world through reason �The Romans developed new concepts in architecture and engineering • The Romans studied Greek styles of art and architecture, and used them to develop their own styles

�In what ways did the Greeks and Romans value learning?

Architecture and Technology – The Roman Style �Romans used the arch – a curved structure used as a support over an open space �Romans began using concrete to build • Concrete – a mix of stone, sand, cement, and water

The Colosseum �Colosseum – a large amphitheater built in Rome; the site of combats and contests �The Colosseum held between 50, 000 and 75, 000 people, depending on its setup

Video Guide �Please answer the following questions as you watch Engineering an Empire: Colosseum. When did construction on the Colosseum begin? How long did it take to complete? How many people could the Colosseum hold? What are the two types of games played in the Colosseum? • How long did the Colosseum stay in use? • •

Roads and Aqueducts � Roman roads were built very well and spread throughout the empire � “All roads lead to Rome” � Aqueducts – structures that carried water over long distances • Aqueducts ran through mountains and valleys • Some are still used today

�What are some characteristics of Roman buildings?

Roman Law � Roman law spread throughout the empire � Roman system of justice influences American system of justice – it was created by Emperor Justinian and called Justinian’s Code • People accused of crimes would have the right to face their accusers • Accused person is innocent until proven guilty

�What were two features of Justinian’s code? Explain their meaning.

Section 2: The Roman Empire (Short Version)

Refresh Your Memory Julius Caesar assassinated, 44 B. C. End of the Roman Republic Civil war in Rome, 44 – 27 B. C. Octavian (Augustus) becomes emperor. Rome is now an EMPIRE (rule by a single ruler) in 27 B. C.

Ruling an Empire �When Augustus gained power, Roman control had spread far beyond Italy

The Power of Augustus �Augustus gained power in 27 B. C. • Augustus respected the senate and wanted to share power with them �He was a good ruler; he did such a good job that the Roman people wanted to make him an all-powerful emperor

�The rule of Augustus began the Roman Empire • The emperor was all-powerful; the Senate still existed to advise him but he could overrule them • Rome entered “Pax Romana” (Roman Peace) – an era of 200 years with little war in Rome

�Rome’s empire grew as more territory was conquered • Rome itself had 1 million people; the entire empire consisted of 50 million people! • Empire was divided into provinces, each with a governor • Citizens had to pay taxes, but were free to practice their religion and culture

The Good and Bad Emperors � Problem with having an all-powerful emperor: some were very bad rulers! � Caligula (37 -41 AD) and Nero (54 -68 AD) are two examples – they were so cruel that the Romans removed them from the official history of Rome!

Good Emperors �Trajan (98 -117 AD) – expanded Rome’s borders �Hadrian (117 -138 AD)– known for strong leadership and building defense of Rome

Governing Conquered Peoples � After Pax Romana (around 180 C. E. ), Rome continued expanding their empire • The Romans took some slaves after conquering lands, but most people remained free • Emperor Hadrian expanded as far as Britain � Rome divided its empire into provinces in order to organize the government • Province: an area of the empire ruled by a Roman governor and supported by an army

Architecture and Technology – The Roman Style �Romans used the arch – a curved structure used as a support over an open space �Romans began using concrete to build • Concrete – a mix of stone, sand, cement, and water

The Colosseum �Colosseum – a large amphitheater built in Rome; the site of combats and contests �The Colosseum held between 50, 000 and 75, 000 people, depending on its setup

Roads and Aqueducts � Roman roads were built very well and spread throughout the empire � “All roads lead to Rome” � Aqueducts – structures that carried water over long distances • Aqueducts ran through mountains and valleys • Some are still used today