The Rise and Fall of Gunpowder Empires Ottoman

Ottoman Leadership l Osman l Gunpowder, l Cannons Orkhan I l “Sultan” l Kindness

l Mehmet the Conqueror (1451 – 1481) l Expansion – Constantinople l Hagia Sophia

Suleiman the Magnificent l Battled Hapsburgs l Naval Power l Control of Mediterranean l

Ottoman Military l l Ghazis – Warriors for Islam Devshirme – Young boys trained

l Adopted firearms readily – easily defeated Muslim rivals, Hungary l Initially they had

Ottoman Decline – 400 Years l l l l Military victories bring about decline,

Safavid Empire Founded by Safi –al Din (Iran) l Shiites – Minority group of

l Battle of Chaldiran l 1514 – Lost to Ottomans l Impact of weapons

Rise of Mughal India l l Rise of power swift, easily conquered and controlled

Mughal Military Power l Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no navy l Firearms purchased from

Mughal Decline Public works (including the Taj Mahal) drain budgets l Wars to conquer

l Repressive tax system, with few benefits seen by poor l Extensive bureaucracy allowed

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The Rise and Fall of Gunpowder Empires Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Leadership l Osman l Gunpowder, l Cannons Orkhan I l “Sultan” l Kindness l to conquered Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) l Samarkland l Conquered Russia and Persia

l Mehmet the Conqueror (1451 – 1481) l Expansion – Constantinople l Hagia Sophia – Mosque l Selim the Grim (1512 – l Defeated Safavids l Syria, Pakistan and N. Africa 1520)

Suleiman the Magnificent l Battled Hapsburgs l Naval Power l Control of Mediterranean l Advanced Legal Code l Height of Ottoman Culture

Suleiman Mosque

Ottoman Military l l Ghazis – Warriors for Islam Devshirme – Young boys trained 1) 2) l Civilian Administration Military Janissaries – Elite Military Force

Janissaries

l Adopted firearms readily – easily defeated Muslim rivals, Hungary l Initially they had superior technology l 15 th Century - Build navy to ward off Europeans, gain control of Mediterranean (Significance? )

Topkaki Palace

Topkapi Palace

Ottoman Decline – 400 Years l l l l Military victories bring about decline, how? Had to constantly guard gains Conservative Islam focused on tradition, spirituality Turks did not have the resources, forethought to modernize army Trade imbalance Middle class heavily taxed (why relevant? ) Numerous ineffective leaders

Safavid Empire Founded by Safi –al Din (Iran) l Shiites – Minority group of Islam l Military Strength l l Red Heads l Shah I’sma’il

Safavid Court

l Battle of Chaldiran l 1514 – Lost to Ottomans l Impact of weapons l Shah Abbas – Golden Age l 1587 – Blended Ottoman, Arab and Persian cultures l Reformed Government l Isfahan – Capital City

Safavid Soldier

Isfahan

Safavid Art

Isfahan

“Half the World”

Rise of Mughal India l l Rise of power swift, easily conquered and controlled Northern India. (map) Akbar solidified power, made social changes l l l Created a new religion with elements of Hinduism and Islam - unsuccessful Eliminated jizya tax on Hindus Allowed Hindus to build temples again Promoted Hindus in the gov’t Outlawed Sati, discouraged child marriage

Mughal Military Power l Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no navy l Firearms purchased from Europeans, limited local production l Troops poorly trained – conscripted from poor

Mughal Decline Public works (including the Taj Mahal) drain budgets l Wars to conquer Southern India depleted reserves, distracted emperor from internal problems (uprisings and revolts), and incursions from Persian and Afghan warriors bands l

l Repressive tax system, with few benefits seen by poor l Extensive bureaucracy allowed large scale corruption l Later emperors refused to integrate Hindus into the gov’t (80% of population) l Military technology unable to match European development – modernization plan – Why?

Fatehpur

Great Mosque - Fatehpur

Taj Mahal