The Renaissance rebirth 1350 AD 1550 AD Workbook
The Renaissance (rebirth) 1350 AD – 1550 AD
Workbook Homework for Term 1 Page 7 #1 ab Page 8 #6 ab Page 11 document 1. 14 (study) Page 13 ALL Page 14 #5 ab, 6 ab Page 22 #1, 2, 3 & 4 Page 23 #6 Page 24 #8
Artist: Michelangelo Name of artwork: Pieta Year: 1499 AD Material: Marble Location: Saint Peter’s Vatican
Petrarch and Humanism Francesco Petrarch is known as the “father of Humanism”. He was a scholar (educated) and a poet. He lived in Florence, Italy in the 1300 s. He spend his life digging around in attics and cellars in Florence reading old Latin manuscripts. He studied poets and philosophers from Ancient Rome (ex: Cicero and Virgil). His work inspired many writers and poets throughout all of Europe. (ex: Shakespeare).
What did Petrarch believe? Petrarch realized that the church’s expectation of people was unrealistic. “Only God is perfect so people should be allowed to make mistakes!” He believed education makes us more creative and helps us develop better ideas. He believed that the emotions (ex: happiness, love, jealousy) that humans feel is normal and not sinful. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =WS 8 URf. Xnzu. I https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =l 5 AFBWBd. IOM
He believed it was important for people to express their feelings and ideas through literature, music, dance & art. He believed people should enjoy life without having to worry about being a sinner or a bad Christian.
The Renaissance – How did it begin? It started in Florence, Italy in the late 1300 s at the end of the Middle Ages. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_u 8 LD Xh. Fz. Po
Humanism One of the big changes in the Renaissance was in the basic way people thought about things. In the Middle Ages people thought that life was supposed to be hard (nothing but hard work and going to war).
The people in Florence began to think differently about life. They studied the writings and works of the Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier civilizations were more advanced and had lived differently. Socrates Plato Aristotle
This new way of thinking was called Humanism. Humanists believed in the following: Life should be enjoyed We all have a purpose on Earth Life isn’t a miserable pit-stop to heaven Our accomplishments define who we are Getting an education is important Art, music, and science could make life better for everyone. a) b) c) d) e) f) Q 1 The Creation of Adam is perhaps the most famous section of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Understanding the beginnings of the Renaissance When Rome fell in 542 AD, most of Europe entered a dark period in history known as the Middle Ages. Technology and knowledge in mathematics, sciences, philosophy, etc. was abandoned. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Wcf 7 j Or 1 g. Q
Europeans during the Middle Ages Lords ruled villages by force and intimidation The church controlled learning People were ignorant, illiterate, and superstitious
They lived in miserable conditions. They had little hope of improving their lives. Their main goal in life was finding eternal salvation. They thought that suffering on Earth was necessary in order to reach Heaven.
Florence, Italy and the Medici Family At the start of the Renaissance, Italy was divided up into a number of powerful city-states. Florence was a wealthy city-state that elected its leaders (republic). https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=S 0_zf. T N 5_j. I https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=bf_X 9 w 5 o. KZU
In the late 1300 s, Florence had become a rich city. Wealthy merchants and businessmen had the money to hire artisans. Art began to flourish and new thoughts began to emerge.
1434 - The Medici family becomes the head of Florence. They were powerful, wealthy bankers. They sponsored many artists and using their personal money to promote the humanist movement.
The Medici were known for their patronage of the arts. Patronage is where a wealthy person sponsors (financially supports/gives money to) artists. They would pay artists to produce major works of art. The Medici patronage allowed artists to focus on their work without having to worry about money.
The Medici supported most of the art and architecture that was produced in Florence. The Medici supported famous artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, and Leonardo da Vinci.
The Medici also supported science They supported Galileo in his scientific efforts. Galileo believed in a heliocentric, or Sun-centered, universe! After Galileo began publishing papers about his astronomy discoveries and his belief in a heliocentric, or Sun-centered, universe, he was called to Rome to answer charges brought against him by the Inquisition
Bankers The Medici owed much of their wealth and power to the Medici Bank. It made them one of the richest families in all of Europe. It was the largest bank in Europe at its peak and was very well respected.
Renaissance Art and Humanism New Humanist ideas and attitudes could be seen in art. Humanists began focusing on our interests, needs & abilities. The Humanist movement changed 2 things in the art world: How artists painted their subjects 2. Who/what they decided to paint. 1.
Renaissance art is divided up into two periods: Artists learned by trying to copy (imitate) classical artists. They focused on symmetry and creating the perfect form. They wanted to create the perfect human anatomy. Such artists included Giotto, Masaccio, and Donatello Saint Mark (Donatello)
Artists became interested in perspective, space and realism. Such artists included Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rafael.
Change in subjects In the Middle Ages the subject of most European art was religion, specifically Christianity and the Catholic Church. Although artists continued to paint religious paintings, they also branched out to other subjects such as: a) Greek and Roman mythology b) Historical people and historical events c) Portraits of people The above subjects were mostly secular (non-religious) They also focused on the details of everyday life.
Realism One of the big changes in art was to paint and sculpt subjects realistically. This is called realism. Artists made the subjects and background look like they would in real life. It also added emotion to the subjects Portrait of Lucrezia Pucci Pancitichi
New technics and styles New techniques improved the quality and realism of the art. Perspective is drawing or painting a picture that looks three dimensional. (It gives the illusion that some objects in the painting are further away than others)
Balance and Proportion - Drawing subjects such that they are the correct size when compared to each other. Use of Light and Dark - Many artists started using light and shadows in their works (added drama, perspective, and timing to their art).
Sfumato – The gradual blending of one tone into another (added perspective and dimensionality). This technique was used in Leonardo's Mona Lisa.
Foreshortening Another technique that added perspective and depth to paintings, foreshortening is a way of shortening lines to give the illusion of depth.
Architecture and buildings Architects began to look back to the Romans and Greeks for inspiration when designing buildings. Architecture style was taken from Ancient Rome and Greece.
Features of Renaissance buildings Renaissance architecture had some distinct features that were fairly common to major construction: 1. Square - Many buildings were built as square or rectangle symmetrical shapes. 2. Front - The front or "façade" of the buildings were generally symmetrical around the vertical axis.
3. Columns - used Roman type columns 4. Arches and Domes were popular. This was again taken from Roman and Greek architecture. 5. Ceilings buildings were generally flat.
Humanism and Renaissance Art Renaissance art glorified the human body. It placed importance of the individual (ordinary people) and was secular (not religious).
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Donatello were the 4 great masters of Renaissance art. Donatello: Annunciation c. 1435
Pre-Renaissance Art These paintings have unrealistic features Disproportionate (did not have“correct size”) Showed no emotion Religious & no perspective
Humanism and Science Scholars (educated people) began to spread scientific knowledge throughout Europe. Church opposed this! (against it). Kepler discovered that the planetary orbits were elliptical.
Humanists began sending their children to schools that taught humanist ideas. They were taught poetry, history, and public speaking. Aristotle Plato
Europeans began to question the Church‘s actions. At the time, the Church controlled all aspects of our lives.
Humanists believed: a) people were able to reason well on their own b) Church should not control or brainwash us. c) We should have the right to individual freedom of thought. Galileo and Freedom of Thought Galileo Galilei, 1564 -1642
d) God should not be our central concern. e) preached for tolerance and peace (against religious wars).
Printing press Johannes Gutenberg (inventor) Books were now affordable. Spread new “humanist” ideas (Europe).
Scientific Progress during the Renaissance Church taught that the Earth was flat and that it was at the center of the universe! Church rejected & forbade any teachings that did not agree with its own.
v Scientists learned about human anatomy by dissecting corpses (Church forbade this!). v This lead to progress in medicine.
Martin Luther and the Reform Martin Luther started a movement to reform (make big changes) the Catholic Church. He believed it had become too rich, powerful and corrupt.
Pope Leo X and the Selling of Indulgences Luther was furious that the Church sold indulgences. Catholics believed they would be saved if they simply bought an indulgence.
The Church gave this “note” to any “sinner” who gave money to them in exchange forgiveness and eternal salvation. The money was used to pay for building projects (ex: St. Peter's Basilica). Luther saw this as deceptive, dishonest, abusive and corrupt.
In 1517, Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses (complaints) onto the wooden doors of a church. This letter infuriates the pope.
Luther’s letter stated the following: 1. Good works (charitable acts) does not save us. He pointed out that only Christ can save those who believe in Him. 2. The Bible is the living true authority of God, not the Pope.
3. People can read and interpret the bible for themselves. 4. Indulgences were useless, fraudulent, and unnecessary. 5. God created all people equally. 6. Worshiping God should be done through praise and singing.
Luther Excommunicated In 1520, Luther excommunicated by Pope. In 1521, Luther condemned as heretic and outlaw of the Church by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
His life was spared. Frederick the Wise, of Saxony, made a deal with the Church that would allow Luther's safe passage to his home at Wartburg Castle. He re-wrote the bible in German.
Church`s Reaction to the Protestant Reformation In 1545, Pope Paul III assembled a council Trent to discuss how to deal with Protestant movement.
The Council of Trent was set up to deal with the protestant movement. Pope Paul III saw that this movement was spreading. More and more Europeans supported its ideas and left the Catholic Church. The pope banded together a council for mainly two reasons:
1. To stop the spread of Protestant ideas and to support the Catholic Church's own ideas. 2. To change the actions of church leaders (their own) that damaged or hurt the Catholic Church's image.
Decisions Made by Council at this Meeting Priests had to be supervised and educated in colleges. Southwark Cathedral in London
The Church reaffirmed (state again as a fact) the importance of faith and “good works” in salvation. It continued selling Indulgences It stated the importance of pilgrimages and the profound respect of saints, relics, and of the Virgin Mary.
Created new religious orders like the Jesuits were educated priests that taught and spread the Catholic faith throughout the world. Published an Official Latin Bible.
v. The church's interpretation (explanation) of the Bible was final. v. Those that did not agree with it were tried as heretics by the Inquisition. v. The Inquisition was a formal court set up by the Church to try people accused of not following the teachings of the Church.
v It had the power to torture and execute the accused, who had no rights to a fair trial. v Protestants were considered heretics. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=mv 77 l. PW 3 cys
q In 1567 St. Pius V canceled all grants of indulgences. q The church made a list of banned books “THE INDEX”. *sum of money given by an organization for a purpose.
Outcome of the Counter-Reformation Enthusiasm was revived for the Catholic Church. Educated Jesuits challenged Protestant preachers. Protestant movement was weakened.
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