The Renaissance and Reformation Discussion Questions Why were

The Renaissance and Reformation

Discussion Questions ¡ ¡ ¡ Why were the Italian city-states a favorable setting for a cultural rebirth? What was the Renaissance? What themes and techniques did Renaissance artists and writers explore?

What is the Renaissance? ¡ The Renaissance was an explosion of cultural achievement in Europe which lasted from the 14 th-16 th centuries ¡ Renaissance means rebirth. ¡ It began in Italy.

Why Italy? ¡The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. ¡The cities of Italy that survived the Middle Ages started to grow into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing. ¡A wealthy merchant class in Italy stressed education and individual achievement and spent lavishly on the arts. l l Patron – a financial supporters Medici's-family that was a patron of the arts in Florence ¡Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

Humanism ¡Humanism was based on the study of “classical culture” of Greece and Rome. It focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. ¡They believed that education should stimulate creativity.

Themes WRITERS Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world PAINTERS • Perspective • Used shading to make objects look round and real • Studied human anatomy • Used live models ARCHITECTS • Rejected Gothic style • Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans

LEONARDO DE VINCI Michelangelo Made sketches of nature and of models Sculpted the statue of David Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Mona Lisa The Last Supper Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats RAPHAEL Paintings blended Christian and classical styles Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus

De Vinci

Michelangelo

RAPHAEL

Assessment Renaissance thinkers a) explored religious themes from the past. b) did not value individual achievement. c) explored the human experience in the here and now. d) rejected humanist ideas. Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? a) Leonardo b) Michelangelo c) Raphael d) none of the above

Assessment Renaissance thinkers a) explored religious themes from the past. b) did not value individual achievement. c) explored the human experience in the here and now. d) rejected humanist ideas. Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? a) Leonardo b) Michelangelo c) Raphael d) none of the above

THE RENAISSANCE MOVES NORTH

The Printing Revolution A printing revolution took place when: ¡ In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first printing press. IMPACT: ¡ Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce. ¡ more people learned to read. ¡ Readers gained access to a broad range of ideas.

Writers of the Northern Renaissance MACHIAVELLI SHAKESPEARE Italian author who wrote The Prince English poet of Renaissance literature This book was considered extreme for its time and still is today Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world “The end justifies the means” CERVANTES Spanish author who wrote Don Quixote.

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Discussion Questions ¡ ¡ ¡ How did abuses in the Church spark widespread criticism? How did Martin Luther challenge Catholic authority and teachings? What role did John Calvin play in the Reformation?

Vocab ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Diet – an assembly or gathering Worms – a town in Germany Edict - An official order/law Indulgence – A purchased document that forgives ones sins Papal – of the Pope, Pope –ish Reform – Change Secular – Worldly, less religious Recant – take back something you said

Protestant Reformation ¡In the 1500 s, people wanted reform in the Catholic Church. The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation. ¡They called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” the Roman Catholic Church

Abuses in the Church ¡ Popes competed for political power. ¡ Popes started wars to protect the Papal States against invaders. ¡ Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences. ¡ Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of money on the arts. ¡ The Church increased fees for services such as weddings and baptisms to finance non religious projects.

The Teachings of Martin Luther ¡ Salvation is achieved through faith alone. ¡ The Bible is the sole source of religious truth. ¡ All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible. l Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials had special powers.

Martin Luther ¡ ¡ ¡ Catholic monk and professor Saw corruption in the Catholic Church Went into action after seeing the sale of indulgences Nailed 95 theses (or statements) to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany. Church ordered him to recant, summoned him to the Diet of Worms

Spread of Luther’s ideas ¡ Peasants rallied around Luther and revolted to end serfdom l ¡ Luther did not support the revolt. Thousands were killed. (Pretty Lame Luther!) Peace of Augsburg l German princes could decide if they wanted to be Catholic or Lutheran

John Calvin The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin. ¡ ¡ Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther. He also preached predestination - the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders.

Assessment ¡ Martin Luther taught that a) good deeds were necessary for salvation. b) priests and Church officials had special powers. c) the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. d) the pope was the sole source of religious truth. ¡ Which of the following is not true of John Calvin? a) He believed God knew who would achieve salvation. b) He rejected the idea of predestination. c) He set up a theocracy in Geneva. d) He followed many teachings of Martin Luther.

Assessment ¡ Martin Luther taught that a) good deeds were necessary for salvation. b) priests and Church officials had special powers. c) the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. d) the pope was the sole source of religious truth. ¡ Which of the following is not true of John Calvin? a) He believed God knew who would achieve salvation. b) He rejected the idea of predestination. c) He set up a theocracy in Geneva. d) He followed many teachings of Martin Luther.

Reformation Ideas Spread

Radical Reformers ¡As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up. These sects often had ideas that were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin. l l One radical group, the Anabaptists, rejected infant baptism. Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish private property. Others wanted use violence to speed up judgment day. Most called for religious tolerance and separation of Church and state.

England the Church - In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage. - The pope refused Henry’s request. - Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England.

Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Religious wars in Europe Peasants’ Revolt Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches Catholic Reformation (Council of Trent) Strengthening of the Inquisition Weakening of Holy Roman Empire Formation of Jesuits Witch Hunts Jewish migration to Eastern Europe Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands (Lame again Luther!) Increased anti-Semitism

Widespread Persecution ¡During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. (hated each other) ¡Catholics. killed Protestants and Protestants killed ¡Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts. ¡In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. (Sound familiar? ) In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned.

Assessment ¡Which English monarch had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake? l l a) Elizabeth b) Mary c) Henry VIII d) Edward VI ¡Which of the following was not an effect of the Protestant Reformation? l l a) the Catholic Reformation b) Increased anti-Semitism c) religious wars in Europe d) the invention of the printing press

Assessment ¡Which English monarch had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake? l l a) Elizabeth b) Mary c) Henry VIII d) Edward VI ¡Which of the following was not an effect of the Protestant Reformation? l l a) the Catholic Reformation b) Increased anti-Semitism c) religious wars in Europe d) the invention of the printing press

Scientific Revolution

Discussion Questions ¡ ¡ ¡ How did astronomers change the way people viewed the universe? What was the new scientific method? What advances did Newton and other scientists make?

Changing Views of the Universe Until the mid-1500 s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s theory, that the Earth was the center of the universe. This theory matched the teachings of the Church. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. In the late 1500 s, Tycho Brahe set up an observatory and provided evidence to support Copernicus’ theory. Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse. Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed the heliocentric model. This discovery caused an uproar and Galileo was tried before the Inquisition.

The Scientific Method This new approach to science depended on observation and experimentation.

Scientific Advances The 1500 s and 1600 s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science. Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity. Robert Boyle differentiated elements from compounds and explained the effects of temperature and pressure on gases. Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy. William Harvey described the circulation of blood for the first time. Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for preventing infection and a technique for stitching wounds. Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope and was the first human to see cells and microorganisms.

Graphic Organizer ¡ For the areas not listed in our notes on your graphic organizer use Chapter 14 of your text to fill it out!!

Assessment ¡ What is the first step of the scientific method? l a) State a conclusion. l b) Form a hypothesis. l c) Analyze the data. l d) State the problem. ¡ Who proposed the law of gravity? l a) Robert Boyle l b) William Harvey l c) Isaac Newton l d) Ambroise Pare

Assessment ¡ What is the first step of the scientific method? l a) State a conclusion. l b) Form a hypothesis. l c) Analyze the data. l d) State the problem. ¡ Who proposed the law of gravity? l a) Robert Boyle l b) William Harvey l c) Isaac Newton l d) Ambroise Pare