THE REFORMATION The Renaissance spawns the Reformation of

THE REFORMATION The Renaissance spawns the Reformation of The Roman Catholic Church that grows out of Northern (Christian) Humanism

DEFINITION: REFORMATION v. Final Splitting of the Western Christian Church into 2 halves v. The 2 branches of the Church = Catholicism & Protestantism

LONG TERM CAUSES ( BUILDING UP OVER TIME) ØGrowth in power of secular king> decrease in Pope’s Power ØPopular discontent with seemingly empty rituals ØMovement toward more personal ways to communicate with God ( lay piety, piety mysticism) mysticism ØFiscal (Money) crisis within the church over expenses incurred-building St. Peter’s, painting the Sistine

ABUSES OF CHURCH POWER §Simony- sale of Church positions led to people desiring positions based on economic motives- not religious/spiritual ones §Dispensations- payments that released one from Canon(Church) law requirements §Incelebacy- Church officials marrying, having children, having mistresses §Pluralism- Church officials holding many positions §Nepotism- Church positions controlled by family inheritance, not ability

Indulgences= biggest money maker Purchase of one : §Excused a sin that had been committed §Excused a sin when committed in the future §Made passage into the “pearly gates of heaven” easy!!!

THE FOLLY OF INDULGENCES In this woodcut from the early Reformation, the church’s sale of indulgences is viciously satirized. With one claw in holy water, another resting on the coins paid for indulgences, and a third stretched out for offerings, the church, in the form of a rapacious bird, writes out an indulgence with excrement. The creature’s head and gaping mouth represent Hell, with foolish Christians inside, others being cooked in a pot above, and a demon delivering the poplin a three-tiered crown and holding the keys to Heaven, symbol of papal authority. Illustrations such as this, often printed as single-sheet broadsides and sold very cheaply, clearly conveyed criticism of the church to people who couldn't read.

DOMINO EFFECT OF THE REFORMATION 1517: Ninety-five Theses posted- cathedral door Wittenberg Germany 1520: Luther is writing up a storm! ØAn Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation“nobles, as well as clergy = leaders of the church”! ØOn the Babylonian Captivity- attacked the 7 sacramentsonly 2 are mentioned in the Bible: baptism & the Lord’s Supper (communion) ØFreedom of the Christian Man- Political authorities have supremacy over believers ØOn Christian Liberty- “the Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to

LUTHER GETS INTO “ HOT WATER” 1521: A REALLY BIG YEAR! v. Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther v. Luther is called to the Diet of Worms by Charles V and asked to recant v. Luther issues famous quote: “Here I stand. I can do no other. ” v. Charles V sentenced Luther to death & orders Frederick of Saxony to carry out the death sentence v. Frederick of Saxony refuses & hides Luther in one of his castles for a year

1529 : DIET OF SPEYER: GERMAN PRINCES “PROTEST” CATHOLIC MAJORITY DECISIONS COLLOQUY OF MARBURG: AN ATTEMPT TO UNITE ALL “PROTESTANT” OPINION FAILS 1530: Confession of Augsburg: Luther officially formulates a new “protestant” religion- Lutheranism 1555: Peace of Augsburg: Charles V officially ok’d Lutheranism: Each prince in Holy Roman Empire can determine his domain’s religion. Lutheran or Catholic NO FREEDOM OF RELIGION! RCC NO LONGER ONLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH

PROTESTANT CHURCH VS. CATHOLIC CHURCH

EUROPE @ 1600 DURING THE REFORMATION

FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM: FRANCE During 2 nd ½ of 16 th c, France was torn by civil & religious wars: Civil wars due to lack of a strong government • armed, lawless bands plunder the countryside Religious wars due to power struggle: Catholic v. Huguenot

1572 – St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: Culmination of religious wars 3000 Huguenots killed by Catholics Wedding Day of Henry of Navarre ( Huguenot leader) & princess Marguerite (daughter of Catherine de Medici- Queen mother of France Catherine, a Catholic, feared Catholics becoming too powerful & challenge her - thought this marriage would ingratiate her to the Huguenots. Celebration set off religious fighting/plotting; At center was Charles, king of France (Catherine’s son/ Marguerite’s brother) screamed that he wanted all Huguenots killed New bridegroom was not killed- no one wanted to harm Catherine’s

1574 - Charles died (some say Catherine killed him) Henry III (Catherine’s 3 rd son) named king = Insane, so Catherine = real power 1587 – “War of the Three Henry’s” 1589 – * January 5 th – Catherine died a few months later both French king & leader of Catholic party assassinated Small group of moderates of both faiths (politiques) saved France believed restoration of a strong monarchy could end the religious violence Henry of Navarre is named Henry IV (Henri Le Grand)

1593 – Henry IV converts to Catholicism; wants peace: “ Paris is worth a mass. ” 1598 – Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes : grants religious toleration to Huguenots 1610 – Henry IV murdered by crazy fanatic Cardinal Richelieu becomes chief minister for child King Louis XIII 1643 – Richelieu & Louis XIII both die; Louis XIV becomes king at age 5 1643 – 1661 – Cardinal Mazarin= chief Minister w/power 1648 -1653 – The Fronde, an unsuccessful uprising of nobles; Louis vows to control them 1661 – Mazarin dies – Louis shocks court -declares self own chief minister at age 23 1661 -1687 – Louis builds palace at Versailles 1662 -1683 – Jean Baptiste Colbert = finance minister 1685 – Louis revokes the Edict of Nantes 1715 – Louis XIV dies

Reaction of Catholic Church to Protestant Reformation I. Catholic Reformation (Church reforms itself) Council of Trent: 1545 -1563: Called by Pope Paul III to reform Church Banned ( forbid) Nepotism and Simony Controlled indulgences - later banned them Missionary Groups Established: Attempt to get back to ideals taught by Jesus Establish schools to educate and convert Jesuits- Ignatius Loyola Ursuline Order - Angela Merici

II. Counter Reformation (Steps taken to fight Protestants and their teachings) Index of Forbidden Books List of books that Catholics could not read Inquisition: Special Church Court Suppress heresies ( beliefs contrary to official Church doctrine) Had power to arrest, imprison, execute anyone who preached "false doctrines" Strongest in Spain and Italy Persecution of Non-Christians Expelled from much of Italy Forced to live in ghettos