The Reformation Review The Reformation The Pope is

The Reformation Review

The Reformation

“The Pope is lower than God but higher than man, judges all but is judged by no one. ” Pope Innocent III

Causes of the Reformation powerful popes spent money on art and wars

John Tetzel

Causes of the Reformation secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority illiterate priests were often immoral

Martin Luther

The Spread of Lutheranism

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Reformation ____________________________ 1. Causes of the Reformation ____________________________ A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church ____________________________ authority ____________________________ B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars ____________________________ C. illiterate priests were often immoral ____________________________ 2. Reformation ____________________________ A. Martin Luther leads change ____________________________ i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around Europe ________________________________________________________ iii. encouraged people to read bible ____________________________ iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther ____________________________ v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Reformation ____________________________ 1. Causes of the Reformation ____________________________ A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church ____________________________ authority ____________________________ B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars ____________________________ C. illiterate priests were often immoral ____________________________ 2. Reformation ____________________________ A. Martin Luther leads change ____________________________ i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around Europe ________________________________________________________ iii. encouraged people to read bible ____________________________ iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther ____________________________ v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans ____________________________ B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church (Church ____________________________ of England) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Calvin’s World in the 16 c

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Reformation ____________________________ 1. Causes of the Reformation ____________________________ A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church ____________________________ authority ____________________________ B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars ____________________________ C. illiterate priests were often immoral ____________________________ 2. Reformation ____________________________ A. Martin Luther leads change ____________________________ i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around Europe ________________________________________________________ iii. encouraged people to read bible ____________________________ iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther ____________________________ v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans ____________________________ B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church (Church ____________________________ of England) ____________________________ C. French theologian John Calvin develops ____________________________ protestant ideology - predestination ________________________________________________________

Europe Starts Religious Wars The Thirty-Year War (1618 -1648) German princes use Reformation to get independence from Rome and from the Holy Roman Empire The war is extremely destructive and soon involves almost all of Europe

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Reformation ____________________________ 1. Causes of the Reformation ____________________________ A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church ____________________________ authority ____________________________ B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars ____________________________ C. illiterate priests were often immoral ____________________________ 2. Reformation ____________________________ A. Martin Luther leads change ____________________________ i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around Europe ________________________________________________________ iii. encouraged people to read bible ____________________________ iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther ____________________________ v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans ____________________________ B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church (Church ____________________________ of England) ____________________________ C. French theologian John Calvin develops ____________________________ protestant ideology - predestination ____________________________ 3. Effects of the Reformation ____________________________ A. religious wars broke out across Europe ____________________________ B. both Protestants and Catholics improve education ____________________________

Council of Trent

The Counter-Reformation • Ignatius of Loyola started the Jesuit Holy Order • Catholic Church reformed some of its corruption (such as banning indulgences) • reaffirmed basic tenants of Catholic faith (saints, pilgrimages, salvation through good deeds, etc. ) • rejected • addressed political power

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Reformation ____________________________ 1. Causes of the Reformation ____________________________ A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church ____________________________ authority ____________________________ B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars ____________________________ C. illiterate priests were often immoral ____________________________ 2. Reformation ____________________________ B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church (Church ____________________________ of England) C. French theologian John Calvin develops ________________________________________________________ protestant ideology ____________________________ 3. Effects of the Reformation ____________________________ A. religious wars broke out across Europe ____________________________ B. both Protestants and Catholics improve education ____________________________ C. Catholic Church reforms itself ____________________________ i. Ignatius of Loyola leads Catholic Reformation ____________________________ ii. Council of Trent – meeting that made church ____________________________ doctrine ____________________________ D. Catholic Church lost political and moral authority ____________________________ E. led to monarchs and states gaining power ____________________________

Scientific Revolution Review

Scientific Revolution Age Re e c n a s nais Ref of E orm xplo rati atio on n

The Scientific Revolution 200 BC 1700 0 200 400 600 Ancient Greeks • ancient Greek philosopher • started the idea of geocentric universe 800 1000 1100 1200 Ptolemy 1300 1500

The Scientific Revolution 200 BC 1700 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1100 Middle Ages 1200 1300 1500

The Scientific Revolution 200 BC 1700 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1500 Renaissance Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Scientific Revolution ________________________________________________________ 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution ____________________________ a. Renaissance – scholars studied classical ideas of ____________________________ science ____________________________ b. Age of Exploration – contact with new people and ____________________________ new ideas ____________________________ c. Reformation – ended church control of education ____________________________ 2. The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and questioned ________________________________________________________ old beliefs ____________________________ b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of universe ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ____________________________

On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary. Galileo Galilei

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Scientific Revolution ________________________________________________________ 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution ____________________________ a. Renaissance – scholars studied classical ideas of ____________________________ science ____________________________ b. Age of Exploration – contact with new people and ____________________________ new ideas ____________________________ c. Reformation – ended church control of education ____________________________ 2. The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and questioned ________________________________________________________ old beliefs ____________________________ b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of universe ____________________________ c. Galileo Galilei – built telescope and observed the ____________________________ universe ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Leaders of the Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton – theory of gravity Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism (experiments and conclusions) Rene Descartes – used mathematics and logic

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Scientific Revolution ________________________________________________________ 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution ____________________________ a. Renaissance – scholars studied classical ideas of ____________________________ science ____________________________ b. Age of Exploration – contact with new people and ____________________________ new ideas ____________________________ c. Reformation – ended church control of education ____________________________ 2. The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and questioned ________________________________________________________ old beliefs ____________________________ b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of universe ____________________________ c. Galileo Galilei – built telescope and observed the ____________________________ universe ____________________________ d. Scientific Method – hypothesis, experiment, ____________________________ observation, and conclusion ____________________________ e. Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism ____________________________ (experiments and conclusions) ____________________________ f. Rene Descartes – used mathematics and logic ____________________________ g. Isaac Newton – theory of gravity ____________________________

Questions Notes: ________________________________________________________ Scientific Revolution ________________________________________________________ 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution ____________________________ 2. The Scientific Revolution ____________________________ a. scholars observed natural world and questioned ____________________________ old beliefs ____________________________ b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of universe ____________________________ c. Galileo Galilei – built telescope and observed the ____________________________ universe ____________________________ d. Scientific Method – hypothesis, experiment, ____________________________ observation, and conclusion ____________________________ e. Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism ____________________________ (experiments and conclusions) ____________________________ f. Rene Descartes – used mathematics and logic ____________________________ g. Isaac Newton – theory of gravity ____________________________ 3. Effects of the Scientific Revolution ____________________________ a. a new way of looking at the world ____________________________ b. “tools” developed for studying people and society ____________________________ c. Europeans make advances in medicine and ____________________________ science ____________________________