THE PROTOTYPING MODEL q The prototyping model begins

THE PROTOTYPING MODEL q The prototyping model begins with requirements gathering. q Developer and customer meet and define the overall objectives for the software q Identify whatever requirements are known q Design outline areas where further definition is mandatory

THE PROTOTYPING MODEL Build/ Revise mock - up Listen to customer Customer test drives mock - up

THE PROTOTYPING MODEL �The prototype is evaluated by the customer/user �Used to refine requirements for the software to be developed. �Iteration occurs as the prototype is adjusted to satisfy the needs of the customer, �Enabling the developer to better understand what needs to be done

Prototyping model

RAD MODEL q Rapid Application Development (RAD) is an incremental software development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle. q The RAD model is a “high-speed” adaptation of the linear sequential model where rapid development is achieved.

RAD Model

RAD MODEL 1. Business modeling: �The information flow among business functions is modeled in a way that answers the following questions: Ø What information drives the business process? Ø What information is generated? Ø Who generates it? Ø Where does the information go? Ø Who processes it?

RAD MODEL 2. Data modeling: �The business modeling phase is refined into a set of data objects. �The characteristics (called attributes) of each object are identified and the relationships between these objects defined.

RAD MODEL 3. Process modeling: �Processing descriptions are created for adding, modifying, deleting, or retrieving a data object.

RAD MODEL 4. Application generation �The RAD process works to reuse existing program components (when possible) or �Create reusable components (when necessary). �In all cases, automated tools are used to facilitate construction of the software.

RAD MODEL 5. Testing and Turnover �Since the RAD process emphasizes reuse�many of the program components have already been tested. �This reduces overall testing time. �However, new components must be tested and all interfaces must be fully exercised.

Incremental model q The incremental model combines elements of the linear sequential model with the iterative philosophy of prototyping. q The incremental model applies linear sequences as calendar time progresses. q Each linear sequence produces a deliverable “increment” of the software

The Incremental Model

Incremental model �When an incremental model is used: �The first increment is often a core product. �The core product is used by the customer. �A plan is developed for the next increment. �The plan addresses the modification of the core product �to better meet the needs of the customer and �the delivery of additional features and functionality. �This process is repeated � until the complete product is produced.

The Spiral Model �The spiral model, originally proposed by Boehm , is an evolutionary software �It provides the potential for rapid development of incremental versions of the software. �Software is developed in a series of incremental releases. �Increasingly more complete versions of the engineered system are produced.

A typical Spiral Model

The Spiral Model �A spiral model is divided into a number of framework activities, also called task regions. �There are six task regions: i. Customer communication—tasks required to establish effective communication between developer and customer. ii. Planning—tasks required to define resources, timelines, and other project related information. iii. Risk analysis—tasks required to assess both technical and management risks.

The Spiral Model iv. Engineering—tasks required to build one or more representations of the application. v. Construction and release—tasks required to construct, test, install, and provide user support (e. g. , documentation and training). vi. Customer evaluation—tasks required to obtain customer feedback based on evaluation of the software representations.