The Protestant Reformation Church Organization Pope Cardinals Archbishops
The Protestant Reformation
Church Organization �Pope �Cardinals �Archbishops �Bishops �Priests �Monks/Nuns �Congregation
The Protestant Reformation �A series of events in the 1500 s that led to a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism. �Nearly ¼ of all Christians in the world today are Protestants. �Most of the churches right here in Morehead are Protestant.
Causes of the Reformation 1. ) Renaissance attitude of secularism (worldiness) -spirit of curiosity, improvement was valued. 2. ) Resentment of Church power and wealth -Political power, taxes, land ownership 3. ) Church abuses (corruption) -misuse of money (lavish lifestyles) -fornication, gambling, drunkenness -pluralism, neglecting spiritual duties -inadequate education, illiteracy
Martin Luther 1483 -1546 �From Germany, son of a copper miner �Lightning storm � 1505 - entered a monastery � 1507 - became an ordained priest � 1512 - became a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg. �Struggled with anxiety over his salvation �“He who through faith is righteous shall live” �Began to disagree with Catholic Church teachings
Luther writes the 95 Theses �What prompted him? �The sale of indulgences (pardons for sins) � Remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment for sin � Replaced traditional act of penance (fasting, prayer, etc…) �Johann Tetzel – “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” �Luther’s protests: � Unfair to the poor � Gave people false sense of salvation � Disagreed that salvation could come from good deeds (like donating $)
95 Theses �Oct. 31, 1517: Luther nailed the 95 Theses on the door of the Church. �Wanted reform, not to break from the church. �Quickly reprinted in the vernacular ; spread quickly due to the printing press. �Luther’s ideas were so popular because of the environment of backlash that already existed. �His popularity and followers make him a huge threat in the eyes of the Church.
Luther’s Teachings �-What Luther wanted to change: �No Indulgences �No Confession �No Pilgrimages �No Prayers to saints �Simplify ritual of the mass, instead focus on sermon �Clergy should be able to marry
Martin Luther �Church officials asked him to recant; he refused �Summoned to appear at the Diet of Worms �Excommunicated and declared an outlaw �Protected by Frederic the Wise �Translated the New Testament into German during his year of hiding. �Some of his teachings had already been put into action = Lutherans – the first Protestant church. � 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
The Impact of the Printing Press �http: //www. biography. com/people/johannesgutenberg-9323828/videos/johannes-gutenberg-theprinting-press-26300995752
Johannes Gutenberg �Using technology from China and Korea, he cast the letters of the alphabet into a wooden press. �Text could be quickly printed on both sides of paper. �Result: books and printed material produced faster and cheaper, available to more people.
� 1 st publication: a 1, 282 page Bible �Printers spread rapidly; within 35 years, a press was as far as Constantinople. �“ 30 buyers rise up for each volume…tearing one another’s eyes out to get ahold of them. ” �Rapid access to new ideas. �Easier access to books=more people learned to read, more books printed. �Renaissance and Reformation ideas spread quickly!
Other Reformers �Ulrich Zwingli �John Calvin �Anabaptists
How are the Renaissance, Reformation and Printing Press connected? �Renaissance: a time of learning and questioning, seeking answers �Reformers, disgusted with church, find answers in reading the Bible for themselves �The printing press allows for the Bible (and 95 Theses) to be read (in the common language!) by many. �Therefore, reformation, or change, spreads.
�By 1560, see how religious beliefs have spread!
The Counter-Reformation �Catholics want to turn the tide of the Protestant Reformation: �The Council of Trent: over the course of 20 years, it meets to revise problems in the church. �Took steps to end abuses, educate clergy
The Inquisition �A church court to root out heretics �Outlaws books (especially Protestant and humanist books)
Jesuits �Founded by Ignatius of Loyola to defend and spread the Catholic faith �Set up schools �Travel to “new worlds” as missionaries
Witch Hunts �Tens of thousands killed through the inquisition �A combination of religious and magical beliefs that led people to believe these people (usually women) could perform witchcraft
Persecution of Jews �Spain expelled them in 1492 �Italy began creating “ghettos” in 1516 �Many restrictions on Jews �Even Luther called for them to be expelled for not converting �Synagogues burned �Many flee to the North and to the Ottoman Empire (mideast)
End Result: �Europe would remain divided between Catholics and Protestants for centuries, leading to many bloody conflicts.
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