The Present Perfect The present Perfect n Form

The Present Perfect

The present Perfect n Form: S+ have has V(p. p. ) + Comp. I have drunk four cups of coffee today. She has lost her keys at the park.

n Negation: S+ have NOT V(p. p. )+ Comp. has I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you? Ron hasn’t worked really hard this term.

Questions (Wh-word) + have + S+ V(p. p. )+Comp. ? has n Have you driven a car before? Where has Mary lost her keys?

The present Perfect or the Simple Past? The action began in the past and includes the present. The action is completely in the past. n My father has been in the U. S. since 2002. n My father came to the U. S. in 2002. n My father has had his job in the U. S. for many years. n n I’ve always wanted to learn more about my family’s history. n My father worked for that company for two year before he came to the U. S. When I was a child, I always wanted to spend time with my grandparents.

The present Perfect or the Simple Past? An action that took place at an indefinite time in the past An action that took place at a definite time in the past n Have you ever made a family tree? n Did you make a family tree last month? n I’ve done my homework already. n I did the homework last night. n Have you visited the art museum? n Did you visit the art museum?

The present Perfect or the Simple Past? Repetition from past to present Repetition in a past time period n We have had four tests so far. n We had two test last semester. n She has used the internet three times today. n She used the internet three times yesterday.

So what’s the present perfect? 1. 2. 3. Actions or states that started in the past and continue up to the present. Actions or states that happened as an indefinite time in the past. Repeated actions or states from past to present.

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Use 1: Indefinite Past Time n Indefinite time in the past I’ve read a book. It’s interesting. n The action may occur once or may be repeated several times. I’ve had three cups of coffee but I am still sleepy.

Adverbs Used with Indefinite Past Time already, yet, still, as far, ever, and never n These adverbs are used to express the connection between the past and the present. We’ve already eaten. They haven’t found the answers yet. They still haven’t finished. So far, I’ve visited 16 countries.

Ever & Never n n Use ever with questions to ask about an event that took place at any time in the past. Use never in statements A: Have you ever taken a psychology course? B: I’ve read a few popular psychology books, but I’ve never actually taken a course. Ex. C 2, C 3, C 4

Use 2: Recent Past Actions & Experiences Lately/ Recently/ Just These could happen in conversations, announcements, news broadcasts, telephone recordings, conclusions. See examples on page 88

Use 2: Continuing up to now For/Since/ All n Actions or states that started in the past and continue at the present time. How long have you lived here? I’ve lived here all my life. I’ve lived here for 5 years. I’ve lived here since 1990.

State verbs: know, have, be, keep, last n These verbs are usually used to express continuing time up to now. We’ve known about it for a long time. I’ve kept this secret for three months. D 2; D 3; D 4

Use 3: Continuing Time up to Now vs. Completed Actions n Continuing time up to now vs. completed actions. She’s been a plumber all her life. (She is still alive and still a plumber) She was a plumber all her life. (She is no longer alive) Alexander Graham Bell has invented the telephone. X

Just/ Already/ Yet n These adverbs can also be used with the simple past with the same meaning. n You should call Jada. I’ve just called her. n You should call Jada. I just called her.