The policy of conquering other countries to build
The policy of conquering other countries to build an empire.
Overseas Investments Large U. S. Foreign Investments between 1908 1869 -
1. Foreign Trade: Need for Markets and Materials American Foreign Trade: 1870 -1914
2. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan 1. America needs a large navy to be economically competitive and become a Super Power 2. Fueling stations in the Pacific are needed
2. Military/Strategic Interests America gains territories by annexation, treaty and war!
3. Social Darwinist Thinking “survival of the fittest” The Hierarchy of Race The White Man’s Burden
4. Missionary Interests “Civilizing Mission” American Missionaries in China, 1905
5. Closing the American Frontier
Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys? ”
Hawaii: Sugar Growing Importing sugar plantation workers made Hawaiians a minority in Hawaii-U. S. ties
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
U. S. View of Hawaiians
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1893 – overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by white business groups Why? To protect $25 million dollars in Sugar and Pineapple Plantation investments Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. 1898 -U. S. territory 1959 -50 th state
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
America as a Pacific Power
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867 Purchase Price - $7. 2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
1. The Imperialist Tailor
Popular Support for Expansion Theodore Roosevelt Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President Mc. Kinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
2. Spanish Misrule in Cuba • Cubans desire freedom from Spanish Rule! • Spain does not want to give up Cuba! • First War for Independence • Second War for Independence led by Jose Marti- a poet and journalist who led Cuban resistance against Spain • Cuban rebel strategy included destroying American property! • Why? They hoped the United States would intervene
Second War for Independence • American public opinion split over Cuba’s second war for Independence! • Spain sends in the “Butcher Weyler” when the island is out of control!
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy Weyler forced hundreds of thousands of Cubans into a guarded camp. Why? Desperate attempt to prevent civilians from aiding the rebels.
The Cuban Holocaust Over two years, disease and starvation killed 200, 000 Cubans.
3. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!” Newspaper tycoons attempted William Randolph Hearst to promote American involvement in the war.
Yellow Journalism: the use of cheaply sensational or unscrupulous methods in newspapers, etc. , to attract or influence readers. Leaders: William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer Jingoism: A feeling of strong national pride and a desire for an aggressive foreign policy.
4. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U. S. Criticized President Mc. Kinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.
5. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
The explosion of the U. S. S. Maine in Cuba • Feb. 15, 1898 - An explosion sank the Maine, killing more than 250 American sailors. • The exact cause of the explosion has never been determined. • American public put the blame on Spain.
Mc. Kinley’s War Message: He sent a list of demands to Spain • • • 1. Compensation for the Maine 2. End to the reconcentration camps 3. Truce in Cuba 4. Cuban independence Result: Spain accepted all but the last. April 11 -Mc. Kinley sent a war message to Congress!
The Spanish-American War in Cuba 1898 -“That Splendid Little War”
Dewey Captures Manila! The war’s first action took in the Philippines- Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay, destroying entire Spain’s Pacific fleet in seven hours.
Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipino Uprising Claimed Admiral Dewey had pledge Philippine independence in exchange for help against Spain Becomes Philippines first president
The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
Theodore Roosevelt and The “Rough Riders” – Group of volunteers that included cowboys, miners, policemen and college athletes On July 1. 1898, Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a charge up San Juan Hills. This charge became the most famous incident of the war.
The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. (commonwealth: not meant for statehood) The U. S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!
The Cares of a Growing Family
Mission Accomplished!
The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism. Most Americans support imperialistic actions and policies
Betrayal! • The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred on June 12, 1898, when Filipino revolutionary forces under Emilio Aguinaldo • The declaration was not recognized by the United States. • Feelings of betrayal will led to war between the US and the Philippine nationalists
The Philippine-American “Insurrection” ensued between 1899 and 1902. (bloody and violent) 5, 000 Americans die; 20, 000 Filipinos die Finally on July 4, 1946 Philippine independence comes to that country!
Cuban Independence? Cuba Becomes a Protectorate Platt Amendment (1903) Senator Orville Platt 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U. S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U. S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Betrayal!
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “ 55 Days at Peking”
The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power. Spheres of Influence: economic and political control
The Open Door Policy
Panama: The King’s Crown
Panama Canal TR in Panama Construction begins in 1904 “The Panama Canal I naturally take special Interest in because I started it” -Roosevelt
Our “Sphere of Influence”
Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.
Constable of the World Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy: Big Stick Policy/ Roosevelt Corollary
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy Why? Negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese War
The Great White Fleet: 1907
Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U. S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.
U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914
U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898 -1920 s
The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U. S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Emiliano Zapata Venustiano Carranza Pancho Villa Porfirio Diaz Francisco I Madero
Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.
Pershing Pursues Pancho Villa • Wilson sent 5, 000 American troops under General John J. Pershing to capture Pancho Villa “dead or alive. ” • Why? Because Villa was thought to be responsible for terrorist acts, Wilson felt justified in pursing him in his own country. • Results: 1. Wilson withdrew Pershing’s soldiers in 1917 • 2. The Mexican people had developed a deep distrust of “Yanqui imperialism. ”
- Slides: 70
