The Physical Examination Cattle II Procedures Equipment Halter

The Physical Examination Cattle - II

Procedures

Equipment • Halter • Watch • Stethoscope • Large animal thermometer • Black plate • CMT paddle & solution

Equipment cont. • Flashlight • Rectal sleeve • Betadine & lube • Ketone powder/stick • 18 -16 g 1 inch needle n Alcohol

Equipment cont. • Mouth gag • Frick speculum • Stomach tube • Funnel/pump • Rope

Equipment cont. New methylene blue • Slides • Blood collection vials • Balling gun • Nose lead n

Basics • Begins before touching animal – Don’t get focused on one abnormality • Consistent routine – Avoid becoming sidetracked – Miss other abnormalities • Done by regions, not systems • Modified if no restraint & fractious animal

Physical Examination (PE) • Proper restraint ! • Tail tone & perineal reflex • Rectal temperature • Pulse (coccygeal artery) • Skin & hair coat • Vulva mucous membranes • Urine sample

Urine sample n n http: //video. google. com/videoplay? docid=252 6123288783033228 http: //video. google. com/videoplay? docid=296 5268262150259000

Normal Values n n Rectal Temperature °F Beef cow 101 Dairy cow 101. 5 • • • Young calf Young cattle 1 yr Cattle > 1 year 101. 8– 102. 2 101. 3 – 104. 9 101. 3– 104 °C 38. 3 38. 6 38. 8– 39 38. 5– 40. 5 38. 5– 40

Normal Values n Heart rate: • • Calf: first days of birth Calf: 8 -14 days old Calf: 1 month old Calf: 2 months Calf: 3 months Calf: 6 months Young cattle ~ 1 yr Cow/ Ox: Adult 40 -80/min 116 – 141 108 105 101 99 96 91 70 -90

Normal Values n Respiratory Rate: • • • Calf: 4 days Calf: 14 days Calf: 5 weeks Young cattle: 6 months Young cattle: 1 yr Cattle adult 10– 30/ min 56 50 37 30 27 12 -16

Left neck • Skin – hydration Edema: bottle jaw/ brisket edema • Left jugular vein/mammary vein: distended? • Trachea & Larynx – Auscult & compress • Thyroid glands – Not normally palpable • Left superficial cervical lymph node

Left thorax Heart (3 rd – 6 th ICS) – Apex: caudal to the elbow, 6 th – ICS Base: cranial elbow – auscult – note intensity, location, thrills – rate (40 -80/min) – compare heart with pulse rate – cardiac rhythm – valve locations • PAM: 3 rd, 4 th (shoulder), 5 th ICS

CVS - Disease n n n n Tachycardia: Infectious disease Bradycardia: Vagal indigestion Muffled heart sounds: pericardial and pleural effusion Fevers: Bacterial endocarditis and some cases of lymphosarcoma Murmurs: most common cause is bacterial endocarditis: primarily in tricuspid valve than mitral valve on the left. Secondary to GI diseases such as "hardware", traumatic reticulopericarditis: Muffled heart sounds with or without a washing machine-like murmur, distended jugular veins, jugular pulse and brisket edema Atrial fibrillation causes a irregularly, irregular heart beat, and is generally associated with a GI problem such as an LDA.

Left thorax n Respiratory system • Auscult: smaller area 11 th rib • Normal lung sounds: louder on inspiration than expiration (loudest in the ventral lung fields). • Hold nostrils for better auscult • Pneumonia (consolidated lung): increased sounds in ventral lung field. • Crackles and wheezes are abnormal lung sounds. • Palpate the tracheal to try and induce a cough.

Left foreleg • Inspection & palpation • Note if any evidence of: – heat – pain – swelling – redness – skin temperature

Left Abdominal area n Rumen • inspection, palpation • auscult – frequency & character n Ping (fluid-gas) • Abomasum: LDA • Rumen: normal unless otherwise (palpate for rumen) • 1 -3/minute n n 1º rumen/reticulum 2º rumen only

Pinch and Grunt Tests n Withers scootch test (Pinch) • Normal: flex back ventrally when her withers are pinched as seen above. • Abnormal: not flex ventrally – GI pain n n hardware, abomasal ulcers, or distention of the small intestine with gas Grunt test • Plank/ hand knee on xiphoid • Pain: cow grunts (auscult trachea inspiration), kicks, or acts uncomfortable

Back Mammary lymph nodes n Shape & symmetry of abdomen/thorax Pear; Abnormal: apple/papple n Feces n Mammary glands n Milk samples n Subcutaneous abdominal veins n

Black cup CMT results

• Foul smell and necrotic odor • Arcanobacterium pyogenes (another)anaerobe • Watery milk, swollen udder • Coliforms • Watery and red, sick cow • Staph aureus: poor prognosis • Subclinical mastitis: contagious organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia, Mycoplasma bovis • Clinical mastitis: • Environmental organisms: Strep. nonag. Group: 50% • Coliform organisms (Eschericia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter sp. , etc. ) 90% of the time

Right Thorax n Heart (apex 6 th ICS) • Triscuspid: 3 rd ICS n Respiratory system

Right neck Jugular vein Jugular Refill • Superficial prescapular lymph node • Pre-femoral

Right Abdomen n n GI Pings • Normal: cecum, spiral colon, small intestine, duodenum, uterus (after calving), peritoneum, rectum • Abnormal: n distended or displaced cecum n RDA and RTA (right abomasal torsion) cranial to the 8 th to 10 th rib Liver Fatty liver

Right Foreleg • Inspection & palpation • Note if any evidence of: – heat – pain – swelling – redness – skin temperature

Head • Posture of head & ears – Neurological dz • Symmetry • Facial expression • Eye movements • Nostrils – Discharge, odor, ulcers

Rectal Examination • Last to avoid pneumorectum • Presence & consistency of manure • Pressure • Pelvic bones n Left • Rumen – size, position, • Left Kidney – size, position, pain

Rectal cont. • Females - cervix, vagina, uterus, ovaries Males – base of penis, accessory sex glands, internal inguinal rings Urolithiasis – size of ureters? Pulsations? • Right - abnormal vicera, distended spiral colon, cecum, small intestines

Vaginal Examination • Pre-calving • Post calving • Before rectal examination • Wash • Note for any evidence of: – Tears – vaginal & cervical – Retained fetal membranes – Metritis

Palpation pregnant cow

Palpation pregnant cow

Palpation pregnant cow

Vaginal Exam n Cervix predominantly pelvic and freely movable • • • n Normal nonpregnant uterus Pregnancies up to 60 to 70 days Postparturient involution more than 14 days after parturition Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates or secretion <2 liters Chronic metritis without appreciable accumulation of exudates Cervix abdominal and fixed • • • Pregnancies after 70 days Uninvoluted postpartum tract Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates >2 liters Extensive adhesions Tumors (Lymphosarcoma)