The Philippines is considered as one of the

The Philippines is considered as one of the typhoon prone areas in the world. q What is it about the Philippines that make it a target for typhoons?

� The Philippines lies at the western rim of the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator. � It is bounded on the west by the West Philippine Sea, on the east of Pacific Ocean, on the north by the Bashi channel and on the south by the Sulu and Celebes Sea. � TROPICS – the Philippines is located within the geographic area.

� The Philippine climate is tropical marine. � Northeast monsoon from November to April and southwest monsoon from May to October. v Factors on why weather and climate in the Philippines differ in four regions of the country: ü Presence of mountains ü Forests ü Bodies of water

� Mindoro � Negros � Palawan � Western part of Luzon Places that located at the eastern coast of the Philippines: Ø Eastern part of Cagayan, Catanduanes Ø Isabela, Sorsogon, Eastern Albay Ø Aurora, Eastern and Northern part of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, Northern and Eastern Samar, Southern Leyte and Eastern Mindanao, Quezon – are all exposed to the Philippine Sea.

� Western Cagayan, Western Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, Eastern Mountain Province, Southern Luzon, Bondoc Peninsula, Masbate and Mindanao. ü They are situated on the west of the mountain ranges in the Eastern part of the country.

� Their location and topography – are the reasons why the air masses that reach them are dry. � Areas that are located in the inner middle part of the archipelago, but are open to inland bodies of water(big open seas). q Batanes, Northeastern Luzon, the Western part of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, Western Albay, Eastern Mindoro, Marinduque, Western Leyte, Northern Cebu, Northern Negros, and most of the Southern Central, and Northern Mindanao.

� These is the reason why there is no dry season in these places and why there is no heavy rainfall: ü The trees in the forest give off a lot of water vapor in the atmosphere when they transpire. ü Adding a lot of moisture in the atmosphere. ü The forest block off the moisture laden air masses that have passed over the big open seas.

� PAR – is refers to designated area in the northwestern Pacific where PAGASA is tasked to monitor and issue warnings pertaining to tropical cyclone occurrences and activities. � TYPHOON MOVEMENTS: - Typhoons are pushed by high altitude winds and move north because of the effect of the earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect). - Typhoons in northern hemisphere rotate counterclockwise and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.

� Straight track (or straight runner) � Parabolic recurving track � Northward track Other storm that affect the Philippines: Ø Ø Thunderstorms- are local storms associated with thunder and lightning. It covers only small area and are short-lived. They are very common during warm and very humid weather. They are common in the tropics.

� The strong, rising currents of moist air leads to rapid condensation of water vapor molecules, and the formation of cumulonimbus clouds follows. � Condensation- is accompanied by gusty winds, brilliant displays of lightning, deafening thunder, and heavy down pour rain, which is sometimes accompanied by hails.

� Thunderstorms- happen during mid and late afternoon. � Tornadoes- are brief but extremely violent whirling storms that can occur in any part of the world. - it is likely to occur during hot, humid days when cumulonimbus clouds cover the entire sky.

� Typhoons- can bring strong winds and large amounts of rain. � The affected weather fronts can cause the long rains that can saturate the ground even before the typhoon passes by. � Typhoons – can cause the rising of the river this happen because forces from the center of the typhoon cause the lifting of the sea level. � Storm surge- it is a phenomenon where the strong winds blow from offshore to the coast, seawater is blown towards the coast.

� The solar system- is an orderly arrangement of eight planets, at least a hundred moons, thousands of asteroids, and millions of comets moving around the sun with remarkable precision. � Using the Heliocentric perspective of Nicolas Copernicus a scientist were able to determine which planets are closer to the sun and which planets are farther away. � Orbit- the path where the planets move around the sun.

� Johannes Kepler- using mathematical calculations, discovered that the orbits of planets are ellipses not circles with the sun located at one fixed point called FOCUS. � He also calculated the period of revolution of the planets as well as the speed of the revolution of planets.

� Planets- stay orbit around the sun. � Sir Isaac Newton- who unraveled the mystery of orbital motion with his Universal Law of Gravitation. � According to Newton, two forces hold or keeps the planets in their orbit around the sun. 1. Gravitational Pull- the force of attraction exerted by the sun to the planets to be drawn towards it. 2. Force of Inertia- the force exerted by the body to throw itself off into space.

The Planetisimal Theory - George Comte de Buffon a French scientist, proposed in 1778 this theory. - according to theory ages ago the sun collided with another star. - the collision cause large masses of materials from the two stars to be thrown off into space. - the materials cooled and condensed to form small bodies that in the course of time, became planets. 1.

2. The Companion Star Theory - Fred Hoyle, a British astronomer, proposed this theory. - according to theory, the sun once had a companion star. - this star exploded when it collided with the sun and its materials were held by the sun’s gravitation. - from these materials, various planets and other bodies in the solar system were formed.

3. The Nebular Hypothesis - Marquis De Laplace, a French astronomer, proposed this theory in 1796. - according to this theory, the source of the material of the solar system was a vast, saucershaped nebula similar to a protostar. - the swirling nebula eventually cooled and shrank, causing it to spin faster in space. - the spinning caused rings of materials to break away from its outer edge. - the rings gave rise to planets, and the center of the nebula condensed and became the sun.

� Typhoon is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce high winds and heavy rains. � The vulnerable geographic location of the Philippines makes it prone to typhoons. � PAR refers to designated area in the northwestern Pacific where PAGASA is tasked to monitor and issue warnings about incoming tropical cyclones and their activities. � Six requirements are needed for a typhoon to form and develop. If any of them is below average or minimum, a typhoon will not develop.

� Typhoons cause strong winds and large amounts of rains and rising of sea levels that can lead to major disasters. � Whether the typhoon intensifies or deteriorates depends on the existing conditions of the area where it lands, including the landforms, and topography of the area. � PAGASA categorizes tropical cyclones according to wind speed and issues public storm signal warnings on areas affected by the typhoon. � PAGASA has acquired equipment that can monitor tropical cyclone activities to reduce risks and casualties to people. � Thunderstorms and tornadoes are local storms that can also affect the Philippines.

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