THE PHASES OF SURGERY INCLUDING THE OPERATIVE SEQUENCE

THE PHASES OF SURGERY INCLUDING THE OPERATIVE SEQUENCE

“Be curious always! For knowledge will not acquire you; you must acquire it. . . ” Sudie Black

The Art of Intelligent Assistance. . . � Requires a working knowledge of the sequential steps for a specific surgical procedure based upon four concepts: � Approach � Procedure � Possible Complications � Closure

Approach � Determined by Physician � Approved by Anesthesia � Based upon positioning of patient � Offers the best exposure � Has the lowest amount of tissue trauma � Subject to change given the situation

Procedure � Determined by the Physician � Agreed to by the patient � Specific principles of surgery � Basic principles applied from similar surgeries � Services related to surgical intervention

Possible Complications � Known and unknown factors � Short term and long term � Direct and indirect � Towards the patient � Towards the Surgical team � Towards the environment

Closure � Determined by Physician � Many different methods � May not be able to close operative site � Marks the beginning of recovery

Five Phases of Surgery � Preparation � Preincision � Operative Sequence � Closing � Post operative

Preparation… Phase 1 � Selection of room and supplies � Preincision count

Preincision…Phase 2 � Transfer and positioning of Patient � Induction � Prep and drape � Suction and electrosurgical equipment

OPERATIVE SEQUENCE…PHASE 3

Incision Sequence 1 � The skin and subcutaneous tissue are divided with a skin knife � Knife is placed on backtable

Hemostasis Sequence 2 � Bleeders are dealt with by electrical or mechanical hemostatic means according to surgeon’s preference � A raytex sponge or laparotomy sponge (lap) is used to aid in further visualization for sources of bleeding

Dissection and Exposure Sequence 3 � A clean knife, Metz scissors, or cautery are used to incise deep fascia and peritoneum � Various instrumentation is used to elevate tissue and expose tissue that is to have surgery performed on it � For example a hemostat may be used to elevate the peritoneum to avoid damage to underlying contents as it is penetrated and cut with a cautery � Toothed forceps are use on fascia

Exploration and Isolation Sequence 4 � Operative area is explored and pathology is isolated � At times the operative site is obscured by surrounding tissue � Bone will be scraped to expose a fracture for plating and screw application � Sponges, retractors, tissue extraction, and manual manipulation of tissue may be used to maximize exposure

Surgical Repair Sequence 5 � Excision or revision � Depends upon purpose and local anatomy � May require a certain amount of dissection � Instrument length increases with depth of incision � Needed instruments and supplies given to surgeon as needed

Surgical Repair continued. . . � Operation focuses on removal, resection, reconstruction, or all to correct abnormality � May require specialized instruments

Hemostasis and Irrigation Sequence 6 � Prep for closing � Control bleeding � Irrigate wound with saline with or without antibiotics � Insert drain if needed

Specimen Sequence 7 � Gather specimen � Identify specimen verbally to surgeon then to circulator prior to passing off � Pass off field to circulator (ask surgeon’s permission) � Be sure to ask how specimen is to be preserved (permanent or frozen/fresh)

Closing…Phase 4 � The first count takes place before the any cavity is closed. This means everything! � The second count is done after the cavity and fascia are closed serially, again everything! � If a cavity has not been entered all sponges and miscellaneous items must be counted and verified prior to wound closure � Anesthesia reversal and stabilization � Application of dressing and tape

Postoperative…Phase 5 � � � Maintain sterile field until patient stability has ensured by the anesthesia provider Get their permission to break down Some cases require preservation of the sterile field until the patient has left the room: any case where airway compromise is a potential complication (Thyroidectomy/parathyroidectomy/facial or throat surgery) and any case that has potential hemorrhage as a complication (Carotid artery endarterectomy/Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy /trauma) Prepare to transfer Transfer to PACU Post-procedural routine

In conclusion. . . � Discussed the four concepts of surgery � Named five phases of surgery and discussed them � Discussed preparation, preincision operative, closing, postoperative phases. � Discussed in depth the seven steps in the operative sequence