The Periodic Table Chapter 10 Material on Midterm

Essential Questions � How are elements arranged in the periodic table? � What can you learn about elements from the periodic table? � What elements are metals? � What are properties of metals? � Where are nonmetals and metalloids on the periodic table? � What are the properties of nonmetals and metalloids?

What do you think? � Do you Agree or Disagree? The elements of the periodic table arranged in rows in the order they were discovered The properties of an element are related to the element’s location on the periodic table Fewer than half of the elements are metals Metals are usually good conductors of electricity Most of the elements in living things are nonmetals Even though they look very different, oxygen and sulfur share some similar properties

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � Mendeleev discovered that the elements discovered had a pattern ______ to them

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � Mendeleev arranged atoms by increasing atomic mass trend ◦ Saw that there was a periodic ______ �Periodic describes something that occurs or ______ at repeats regular intervals ◦ Organized them in a table �FIRST PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS �Some holes in the table

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � Predicting Properties of Undiscovered Elements ◦ Some gaps in the pattern ◦ Was able to ______ the properties predict ◦ Eka-aluminum…. after aluminum Mendeleev’s Predicted Ekaaluminum (1871) Discovered Gallium (1875) Atomic mass 68 70 Density 5. 5 g/cm 3 5. 9 g/cm 3 Appearance Dark gray metal Gray metal Melting point Low melting point 30 C

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � Changes to Mendeleev’s Table ◦ Moseley realized it made more sense to use the ____________ instead of the atomic mass atomic number �The ___________ is the law that states that the Periodic Law repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements

Writing Prompts � In any subject, it is important to be able to write complete sentences. � Just so we are clear… ◦ A sentence must (at minimum) have a subject and a verb (action). �The “who” and the “what” ◦ A sentence does not start with “And” “But” “Because” (and certainly not “b/c”!). ◦ A sentence must start with a CAPITAL letter and end with a period (. )

Writing Prompt #1 (of 3) � Write the answer on your green sheet. 1. Who originally arranged the periodic table and how did he do it? How has this changed over time? Full sentences for full credit!

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � The Periodic Table and Classes of Elements ◦ We break elements into three major groups Metals �_________________ Nonmetals �________ Metalloids

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � Decoding the Periodic Table

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � Horizontal horizontal ◦ A period is a __________ row of elements on the periodic table ◦ Properties ______ as you go along a period repeat � Vertical vertical ◦ A group is a _______ column of elements in the periodic table share chemical properties ◦ Elements in a group _____

Section 1: Using the Periodic Table � We ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ will discuss the following groups: Group 1: Alkali Metals Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals Groups 3 -12: Transition Metals Group 13: Boron Group 14: Carbon Group 15: Nitrogen Group 16: Oxygen Group 17: Halogens Group 18: Noble Gases Hydrogen

Section 2: Metals � Metals ◦ A metal is an element that is generally shiny. It is easily pulled into wires or hammered into thin sheets. A metal is a good conductor of electricity and thermal energy. ◦ _____ elements Most ◦ _____ of the zigzag line on the periodic table Left ◦ Most are solid at room temperature (Hg exception)

Section 2: Metals ◦ Properties of metals Luster describes the ability of a metal to reflect light �____ �Think shiny Malleability �________ describes the ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into sheets �_______ describes the ability of a substance to be Ductility pulled into thin wires �Good conductors of _______ electricity and ______ thermal energy �Higher densities, boiling points, and melting points in general

Section 2: Metals � Group 1: Alkali Metals ◦ The alkali metals are the elements of Group ____ 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) ◦ ◦ metals Group contains: ____ 1 Electrons in outer level: ____ Very reactive Reactivity: _______ Other shared properties: softness, color of silver, shininess, low density

Section 2: Metals � Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals ◦ The alkaline earth metals are the elements of Group ___ 2 of the period table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) metals ◦ Group contains: ____ 2 ◦ Electrons in outer level: ___ ◦ Reactivity: very reactive, but less reactive than alkalimetals _____ ◦ Other shared properties: color of silver, higher densities than alkali metals

Section 2: Metals � Groups 3 -12: Transition Metals ◦ No individual names ◦ Varied in properties metals Group contains: _____ 2 Electrons in outer level: ___1 or ___ Reactivity: less reactive than the alkaline earth metals Other shared properties: shininess, good conductors, higher densities and melting points than Groups 1 and 2 (except Hg) ◦ Uses: building materials, colorful compounds ◦ ◦

Section 2: Metals � Lanthanides and Actinides bottom rows ◦ The two _____ Lanthanides �Row 1: starts with lanthanum--________ reactive �Shiny, _______ metals Actinides �Row 2: starts with actinium— ________ �__________, unstable elements Radioactive �Any after 94—not found naturally

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Nonmetals ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Nonmetals are elements that have no metallic properties _____ of the zigzag line Right Many are _____ at room temperature gases ______ malleable Not ductile Not shiny Poor conductors

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Metalloids ◦ Metalloids are elements that have physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals ◦ Aka ____________ semiconductors �Semiconductors conduct electricity at high temperatures but not at low temperatures ◦ Border _______ line zigzag ◦ Have ____ properties of metals some ◦ _____ properties of Some nonmetals

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Group 13: Boron Group ◦ The Boron Group contains elements 13 of the periodic table from group _______ (boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, and nihonium) metalloid ◦ Group contains: one ________ and four metals ◦ Electrons in the outer level: ___3 ◦ Reactivity: reactive ◦ Other shared properties: solids at room temperature

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Group 14: Carbon Group ◦ The carbon group contains elements from group ____ 14 of the periodic table (carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, flerovium) ◦ Group contains: one nonmetal, two metalloids, and three metals 4 ◦ Electrons in the outer level: _____ Varies among the elements ◦ Reactivity: _____ ◦ Other shared properties: solids at room temperature

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � _____: Carbon nature’s most important element ◦ Found in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acid (DNA) � Germanium and silicon are used as conductors _________ in computer chips

C Si Ge Sn Pb

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Group 15: Nitrogen Group ◦ The Nitrogen group contains elements from 15 periodic table (nitrogen, group ___ of the phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, moscovium) ◦ Group contains: two nonmetals, two metalloids, and two metals ◦ Electrons in the outer level: ____ 5 ◦ Reactivity: varies among the elements ◦ Other shared properties: solids at room Nitrogen temperature (except for _______)

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Group 16: Oxygen Group ◦ The Oxygen group contains elements from group ____ of 16 the periodic table (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, livermorium) ◦ Group contains: three nonmetals, one metalloid, and two metals ◦ Electrons in the outer level: ___6 ◦ Reactivity: reactive ◦ Other shared properties: all but Oxygen ______ are solid at room temperature

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Group 17; Halogens ◦ The halogens are elements of group ___17 of the periodic table (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, tennessine); halogens combine with most metals to form _____ salts ◦ Group contains: ______ nonmetals ◦ Electrons in the other level: ____ ◦ Reactivity: ____ reactive 7 Very ◦ Other shared properties: poor conductors, violent reactions with alkali metals to form salts, never in uncombined form in nature

Writing Prompt #2 (of 3) � Write the answer on your green sheet. 2. What is similar about the Alkali metals (group 1) and the Halogens (group 17/7 A)? What is different between the Alkali metals (group 1) and the Halogens (group 17/7 A)? Full sentences for full credit!

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Group 18: Noble Gases ◦ The noble gases are elements of group ___18 of the periodic table (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and oganesson); noble gases are unreactive ◦ Group contains: nonmetals ◦ Electrons in the outer level: ___8(except helium, 2 which has ___) unreactive ◦ Reactivity: _________ ◦ Other shared properties: colorless, odorless gases at room temperature

Section 3: Nonmetals and Metalloids � Hydrogen ◦ The properties of hydrogen do not _____ match any other group (the loner element) ◦ We stick it in group 1 based on outer electrons ◦ Electrons in outer level: ___ ◦ Reactivity: ________ ◦ Other properties: colorless, 1 odorless gas at reactive room temperature; low density, explosive reactions with oxygen

Writing Prompt #3 (of 3) � Write the answer on your green sheet. 3. Why is Hydrogen placed where it is on the periodic table, even though it is a non-metal? Full sentences for full credit!