THE PASSIVE VOICE Passive voice does NOT mean

THE PASSIVE VOICE

• Passive voice does NOT mean “past tense. ” • There are 2 voices of verbs in Latin: – Active voice – Passive voice

In the active voice, the subject PERFORMS THE ACTION of the verb.

Puellae aquam portant.

(The girls carry water. )

In the passive voice, the subject is ACTED UPON by the verb.

Aqua a puellis portatur.

(The water is carried by the girls. )

Puella aquam potat: drinks

Aqua a puella potatur.

Ablative of Agent • The words “a” and “ab” can mean “by” in Latin. • They are used with passive voice verbs to tell “by whom” something is done.

Ablative of Agent • The noun (agent) will be in the ablative case. • Ablative endings: • -a, -o (singular) • -is (plural).

Aqua a puellis portatur. ABLATIVE OF AGENT

In Latin, there are special endings to show that the verbs are in the passive voice!

Here are the passive voice endings:

portare--passive voice • portor • I am (being) carried… • portaris • you are (being) carried… • portatur • portamur • portamini • portantur

Imperfect Tense--passive voice • -bar • -bamur • I was being verbed • we were being verbed • -baris • -bamini • you were being verbed • Y’all were being verbed • -batur • -bantur • he/she/it was being verbed • They were being verbed

Future Tense ---passive voice 1 st/2 nd conjugation • -bor • -bimur • I will be verbed • we will be verbed • -beris • -bimini • you will be verbed • y’all will be verbed • -bitur • -buntur • he/she/it will be verbed • they will be verbed

Future Tense ---passive voice 3 rd/4 th conjugation • -ar • -emur • I will be verbed • we will be verbed • -eris • -emini • you will be verbed • y’all will be verbed • -etur • -entur • he/she/it will be verbed • they will be verbed

Perfect Participles • In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4 th PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus or –sus: • Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS • PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried” • Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS • MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent” • These words decline in 1 st/2 nd declensions just like any other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending is listed in your vocabulary.

Forming perfect passive tenses • Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to put them to good use! • The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s principal parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. • Remember that the participle is an adjective, so we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit as we conjugate from singular to plural and from gender to gender. • Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use 2 words: a participle and a form of sum.

Perfect Passive Tense • Take the perfect passive participle of a verb. • Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb. Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to form a PAST tense verb. Be careful not to translate “sum” as present tense when it’s partnered up with a participle. You’ll see why on the next page….

1 st person 2 nd person 3 rd person Singular Plural Amatus sum Amati sumus I was, have been loved We were, have been loved Amatus es Amati estis You were, have been loved Y’all were, have been loved Amatus est Amati sunt He was, has been *Note that sum is NOT translated “I am”. This is loved a PAST tense, so the NOT “she” or “it”: that regular meanings of would be amat. A or “sum” are thrown out the amat. UM, respectively window…for this chart. They were, have been loved Note that we changed –us to the nominative plural –i. Had we been working with amata, the plural would be amatae. Amatum would change to amata.

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1 st ductus ducti 2 nd ductus ducti 3 rd ductus ducti

Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern! Just use “eram” as your helping verb. amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love 1 st person 2 nd person 3 rd person Singular Plural Amatus eram Amati eramus I had been loved We had been loved Amatus eras Amati eratis You had been loved Y’all had been loved Amatus erat Amati erant He had been loved They had been loved

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1 st ductus ducti 2 nd ductus ducti 3 rd ductus ducti

Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN! Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum) amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love 1 st person 2 nd person 3 rd person Singular Plural Amatus ero Amati erimus I will have been loved We will have been loved Amatus eris Amati eritis You will have been loved Y’all will have been loved Amatus erit Amati erunt He will have been They will have loved been loved

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1 st ductus ducti 2 nd ductus ducti 3 rd ductus ducti

Matching Practice (watch out for genders and plurals!) 1. missa est 2. missa erunt 3. missum est 4. mittetur 5. missae sunt 6. mittebantur 7. missus est 8. mittuntur 9. missi erant 10. missum erit a. He will be sent b. it will have been sent c. They had been sent d. She has been sent e. They were being sent f. They will have been sent g. They are sent h. They have been sent i. It was sent j. He has been sent

Practice Sentences • • • Litterae in otio scribuntur. Nautae ad provincias mittentur. Viri in agris a puellis videbantur. Pauci libri lecti erant. Puella a puero amata est.