The Other Senses Module 12 1 Garber 2017

Sensation Overview The Other Senses § Hearing § Touch § Pain § Taste § Smell § Body Position and Movement 2 Garber 2017

Hearing / Audition The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Sound waves are compressing and expanding air molecules in the atmosphere. 3 Garber 2017

4 Garber 2017

Sound Wave 5 Garber 2017

Frequency : Pitch Determined by the wavelength of sound. • The star player FREQUENTLY PITCHES. 6 Garber 2017

Frequency of Sound Waves • The frequency of a sound wave is measured as the number of cycles per second (Hertz) – 20, 000 Hz – 4, 186 Hz – 1, 000 Hz – 100 Hz – 27 Hz Highest Frequency we can hear Highest note on a piano Highest pitch of human voice Lowest note on a piano 7 Garber 2017

Intensity : Loudness Amount of energy in a wave, determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived loudness. 8 Garber 2017

Loudness of Sound Richard Kaylin/ Stone/ Getty Images 120 d. B 70 d. B Garber 2017 9

Characteristics of Sound Waves Maximum level of industrial noise considered safe Pain Threshold 0 db 20 Whisper Absolute threshold of human hearing 40 60 80 100 Normal City conversation bus Quiet Noisy office automobile 120 Loud thunder or rock concert 140 160 180 Rocket launch Subway 10 Garber 2017

The Ear Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited Link Shepherds ascending scale 11 Garber 2017

12 Garber 2017

Hairs in the inner ear 13 Garber 2017

14 Garber 2017

15 Garber 2017

The Ear Outer Ear/Pinna: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum. Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 16 Garber 2017

Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals. 17 Garber 2017

18 Garber 2017

Transduction of Sounds • The structures of the ear transform changes in air pressure (sound waves) into vibrations of the Basilar Membrane • As the Basilar Membrane vibrates it causes the hairs in the Hair Cells to bend • The bending of the hairs leads to a change in the electrical potential within the cell 19 Garber 2017

Localization of Sounds Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound. 1. Intensity differences 2. Time differences 20 Garber 2017

Audition: Hearing Loss § Conduction Hearing Loss § hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea § Nerve Hearing Loss § hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve Garber 2017 22

Damaged hair cells…bottom 23 Garber 2017

24 Garber 2017

Audition: Hearing Loss § Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies Amplitude required for perception relative to 20 -29 year-old group 1 time 10 times 1000 times 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 Frequency of tone in waves per second Low Pitch Garber 2017 High 28

Demo link http: //www. movingsoundtech. com/ Garber 2017 “The patented Mosquito is a small speaker that produces a high frequency sound much like the buzzing of the insect it's named after. This high frequency can be heard by young 29 people 13 to 25 years old. ”

Phonemic Restoration Our Brains fill in for us • Subjects asked to listen to a recording with a transcript and indicate where the recording was obscured by a cough. • All subjects reported hearing the cough • 19/20 said there was not missing text (the one person got the wrong phoneme) Link Auditory Illusions Garber 2017 30

Le(COUGH)latures 31 Garber 2017

Phonemic Restoration and context • It was found that the *eel was on the axle. • It was found that the *eel was on the shoe. • It was found that the *eel was on the orange. • …and you don’t even know what the word is supposed to be yet!!! • Your brain goes back and fills it in. 32 Garber 2017

Mc. Gurk Effect • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Gl. N 8 v. Wm 3 m 0 35 Garber 2017

Chemical and Body Senses Overview • • • Touch and temperature Pain Gustation (taste) Olfaction (smell) Kinesthetic (location of body) Vestibular (balance) 36 Garber 2017

Touch The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. 37 Garber 2017

Rubber hand illusion Link 4: 01 39 Garber 2017

Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. CIPA- A rare disease in which the individual feels no pain. Link 4: 12 AP Photo/ Stephen Morton Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain nor extreme hot or cold. Garber 2017 40

Pain • Nerve endings in body act as nocioceptors – Pain gates regulate pain signals in 3 areas • Brain stem – gate-control theory of pain • Spinal cord • Peripheral regulation of pain – Phantom limbs • Up to 70% of amputees experience this Ramachandran link for phantom limbs 9: 24 -17: 43 41 Garber 2017

Culture and Pain: Your perception of pain is cultural • Bariba society – cultural emphasis on pain – Tolerate pain easily – Calm response to pain is part of Bariba pride – Pregnant women don’t show labor pain reaction, experience labor pain and birth alone Garber 2017 44

Pain Control Pain can be controlled by drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even thought distraction. Todd Richards and Aric Vills, U. W. ©Hunter Hoffman, www. vrpain. com 45 Garber 2017

46 Garber 2017

Taste – Gustatory receptors Sweet Sour Salty Taste link at Nova Blocking bitter taste at Nova Bitter Umami (Fresh Chicken) 47 Garber 2017

Receptor cells Pore Surface of tongue Taste Bitter Sour Salty Sweet and fatty Sensory nerve fiber 49 Garber 2017

Taste on TED 51 Garber 2017

• Get too many taster genes from your mom and dad and you dislike PROP so much that you won’t eat your spinach, cabbage, or Brussels sprouts. They taste too bitter. – From Brain Sense: The Science of the Senses and How We Process the World Around Us by Faith Hickman Brynie 52 Garber 2017

There are several types of papillae 53 Garber 2017

Taste • Your sensitivity to taste will decline if you: – Smoke heavily – Consume large amounts of alcohol – Grow older – Picky eating may be adaptive at PBS 12: 45 54 Garber 2017

Taste and Cognition • What you THINK about a food can change how you perceive it! • $90 Btl. Wine rated as better than $10 wine…. • The twist…. they were both the same wine • Our taste experience is subjective. “Studies have indeed shown that when wines are tasted blind there is little correlation between a wines taste and its cost, but that there is strong correlation when the wines are not sampled blind. ” Garber 2017 55

Taste • Culture and taste preferences: Andrew Zimmer eats raw camel kidney Anthony bourdain eats raw seal dead link Garber 2017 57

Bouba - Kiki 58 Garber 2017

Sensory Interaction When one sense affects another sense, sensory interaction takes place. The taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor. Ramachandran on synesthesia 17: 43 – 23: 38 Mc. Gurk effect on Youtube Synesthesia professor funk 4: 37 59 Garber 2017

So how might you test this… • Do you see the triangle? 61 Garber 2017

People with number color synesthesia can much quicker than you…. 62 Garber 2017

63 Garber 2017

Smell/Olfaction (chemical sense) Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. We can detect 10, 000 odors 64 Garber 2017

Chemical Senses: The Aromas of Life • Olfaction – Olfactory epithelium – top of nasal cavity – Pheromone detection of sweat and urine 66 Garber 2017

Olfactory nerve to brain Olfactory epithelium Nasal cavity 67 Garber 2017

Age, Sex and Sense of Smell Number of correct answers Women and young adults have best sense of smell 4 Women 3 Men 2 0 10 -19 20 -29 30 -39 40 -49 50 -59 60 -69 Age Group Garber 2017 70 -79 80 -89 90 -99 75

Smell and Memories Why does odor trigger strong memories? Hospitals… Auntie Luna’s house… 76 Garber 2017

Body Position and Movement The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. The vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position. http: //www. heyokamagazine. com Wire Walk Whirling Dervishes Garber 2017 77

79 Garber 2017

End 80 Garber 2017

Preview Question The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its A. B. C. D. E. loudness timbre amplitude complexity Frequency

Preview Question The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light? A. B. C. D. E. Brightness Size Saturation Hue Intensity

Preview Question Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the A. B. C. D. E. gyrus cinguli Inner ear Tendons ossicles Ligaments

Preview Question The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to A. Convert the incoming sound from pounds per square inch to decibels B. Protect the cochlea C. Regulate changes in the air pressure of the inner ear D. Transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window E. Provide information to the vestibular system

Preview Question The human vestibular sense is most closely associated with the A. B. C. D. E. Skin Semicircular canals Taste buds Olfactory bulb Rods and cones

Preview Question Balance is influenced by the A. B. C. D. E. cochlea basilar membrane eardrum auditory nerve semicircular canals

Preview Question Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness? A. B. C. D. E. Basilar membrane Hammer, anvil, and stirrup Auditory nerve Temporal lobe Central sulcus

Preview Question The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the A. B. C. D. E. Semicircular canal ossicle pinna Cochlea Oval window

Preview Question Which of the following is the correct sequence of anatomical structures through which an auditory stimulus passes before it is perceived as sound? A. Cochlea, ossicles, eardrum, oval window, auditory canal B. Eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal, ossicles, oval window C. Oval window, auditory canal, eardrum, cochlea, ossicles D. Ossicles, eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal, oval window E. Auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea

Preview Question A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the A. B. C. D. E. pitch of the sound wave timbre of the sound wave absolute threshold for sound perception frequency of the sound wave location of the source

Preview Question When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel A. B. C. D. Switches from one language to another Switches to a nonlanguage Mentions the participant's name Presents information similar to that on the attended channel E. Presents information in a foreign language

Preview Question Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. bitter Sweet Salty Spicy Sour

Preview Question It can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster A. is a man B. represents a majority of the United States population C. has a low density of taste buds on the tongue D. is very sensitive to hot peppers E. learned to be a supertaster from others

Preview Question When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa’s inability to taste? A. B. C. D. E. Vestibular sense Just-noticeable difference Feature analysis Optic chiasm Sensory interaction

Preview Question The longer an individual is exposed to a strong odor, the less aware of the odor the individual becomes. This phenomenon is know as sensory A. B. C. D. E. Acuity Adaption Awareness Reception Overload

Preview Question Receptors for olfaction are located A. B. C. D. E. on the basilar membrane of the cochlea in taste buds on the tongue in the nasal cavity in the esophagus in the dermis