The Origin of Islam Life of Muhammad Born

The Origin of Islam • Life of Muhammad – Born in Mecca • Quraysh tribe • Traveled extensively – Visions • During the month of Ramadan • Later written as the Qur’an • Allah is the God

The Origin of Islam • Life of Muhammad – Flight to Medina – Return to Mecca • Battle of Badr • Islam established • Became leader until his death in 632

The Origin of Islam • Life of Muhammad – Early Successors and Divisions • Abu Bakr became caliph • Wars of Apostasy • Uthmann • Ali – Shiites – Sunnis

The Origin of Islam • Teachings of Islam – The Qur’an: Text of Muhammad’s revelations – The Holy Books – The Five Pillars – Islamic Sharia Law – Jihad

The Origin of Islam • The Five Pillars – Recitation of the creed – Daily practice of prayer – Giving of alms – Fasting during month of Ramadan – Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca during lifetime

The Origin of Islam • Evaluation of Islamic Teachings – The Trinity – Jesus Christ – Salvation – The Bible

The Spread of Islam • Conquest of the Arabian Peninsula – Little resistance • Expansion of Islamic Forces – Conquest of Sassanid, Byzantine Lands – Into Southwest Asia – Into the Mediterranean Region • Umayyad caliphate moved capital to Damascus

The Spread of Islam • Islamic Conversions – Early: Non-Muslims could worship freely, pay a tax – Later: Pressure grew to convert • One-way process • Those who rejected Islam faced abandonment and death

The Culture of Islam • New Leadership: Abbassid Caliphate – AD 750 – Moved capital to Baghdad – A golden age • Math – Algebra – Arabic numbers

The Culture of Islam • Science – Scientific Method – Medicine – Astronomy – Chemistry • Literature • Philosophy

The Culture of Islam • Technology – Papermaking and Gunpowder • From the Chinese – Farming – Engineering – Industry

The Confrontation With Islam • Byzantine – It took several centuries before Muslims conquered Constantinople – Contributions • Preserved Greek knowledge • Impacts on Russian religion, literature

The Confrontation With Islam • European – Charles Martel • Defeated Muslim forces in 732 • Battle of Tours