The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century A

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The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Perspective

The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Perspective

The Orange Order • Formed 1795 in Northern Ireland • Stands for loyalty to

The Orange Order • Formed 1795 in Northern Ireland • Stands for loyalty to British Crown & Protestantism • Associative cornerstone of British dominant ethnicity in Canada, N. I. • Britannic ethno-nationalist • Rapidly spread internationally, 1800 -1820

Lord Nelson Loyal Orange Lodge #149 in Woody Point, Bonne Bay, St. Barbe

Lord Nelson Loyal Orange Lodge #149 in Woody Point, Bonne Bay, St. Barbe

Main Research Questions • What factors cause per capita Orange membership strength to rise

Main Research Questions • What factors cause per capita Orange membership strength to rise and fall over time and across place? (social question) • How effective is the Orange Order in determining policy change, and why does its power rise and fall over time and place? (political question)

Research Methodology • Quantitative: Compare Orange membership among Protestants with variables from census, police

Research Methodology • Quantitative: Compare Orange membership among Protestants with variables from census, police reports, history, polls. Over time and across county and ‘province’ (N. I. , Scotland, Nfld. , Ontario) • Qualitative: Compare Orange resolutions and organised political activity over time and place. Look at class profile of elite and membership over time. Interviews. • Sources: Previously unseen internal documents; census, polls, violence stats, valuation rolls, some newspapers

Concentrated in Ontario, NB & Nfld, but strength Nationwide

Concentrated in Ontario, NB & Nfld, but strength Nationwide

International Orange Strength • Newfoundland the strongest Orange jurisdiction, similar to Ulster border counties

International Orange Strength • Newfoundland the strongest Orange jurisdiction, similar to Ulster border counties • Belfast area and Ontario similar • WC Scotland NW England much weaker

20 th c. International Orange Membership Trends • Explosive growth in the 1900 -1920

20 th c. International Orange Membership Trends • Explosive growth in the 1900 -1920 period in all locales, especially Ontario and Newfoundland • Ontario declines first, 1920 • Newfoundland Northern Ireland decline after 1960, though faster in NF • Scotland declines from 1982, but from smaller base

Orange Order Lodges & Density 1991

Orange Order Lodges & Density 1991

Male Orange Density, N. I. , 1971

Male Orange Density, N. I. , 1971

N. I. Counties, by Protestant Percentage, 1971

N. I. Counties, by Protestant Percentage, 1971

Roman Catholic Percentage, Scottish Counties, 1961

Roman Catholic Percentage, Scottish Counties, 1961

Male Orange Density Scotland, 1961

Male Orange Density Scotland, 1961

Male Orange Lodges, Southern Ontario, c. 1975

Male Orange Lodges, Southern Ontario, c. 1975

Orange Lodges (adjusted by size) Newfoundland, 1908 & 1961

Orange Lodges (adjusted by size) Newfoundland, 1908 & 1961

Orange Order Density 1991

Orange Order Density 1991

Membership Changes in Time • Unemployment a factor in N. I. • Events an

Membership Changes in Time • Unemployment a factor in N. I. • Events an intermediate factor but not critical • 'Social capital' appears key in post-1960 period

Disaffected Youth? : Opting Out of Orangeism, the UUP and the Agreement

Disaffected Youth? : Opting Out of Orangeism, the UUP and the Agreement

The Order and Politics • Everywhere had a political function as a pressure group,

The Order and Politics • Everywhere had a political function as a pressure group, yet a rooted one • Similar to other political fraternities (i. e. BJP-RSS; Broederbond-National Party; St Jean Baptiste-PQ) • Good training for democratic politics for working-class people. Punched above its weight • In N. I. , almost all Official Unionist MPs (bar 3) until 1972. 50% of UUC in 2003 • Outside N. I. , Order's supply of political figures proportional to membership. Strongest in NFLD, then ONT, Scotland least

Importance of Party System • NI: ethnic parties, main cleavage is ethnoreligious. No votes

Importance of Party System • NI: ethnic parties, main cleavage is ethnoreligious. No votes to be won from other side • Horowitz: Competition is within-bloc for who best represents ethnic interest. Encourages 'outflanking' militancy • Ontario, Scotland, Newfoundland: crosscutting cleavages. More votes to be had in the middle than on the flanks since fringe parties cannot easily form and have no choice

Cross-Cutting Cleavages • Scotland: class (i. e. 'Red' Clydeside) and liberal-tory ideology cross-cut ethnoreligious

Cross-Cutting Cleavages • Scotland: class (i. e. 'Red' Clydeside) and liberal-tory ideology cross-cut ethnoreligious divide • Ontario: region (SW, Central, NE) and ideology (Grit, Tory) cross-cut religion • Newfoundland: pro/anti-Confederate, region (outports v St Johns) cuts across Protestant/Catholic

The Order and Policy Influence • • • 'Orange' candidates get nominated and often

The Order and Policy Influence • • • 'Orange' candidates get nominated and often elected Fail to enact policy outside NI Sir John Gilmour and Irish immigration issue, 1920 s Canada: 'Orange-Green-Bleu' Coalition, 1830 s-70 s Ontario: Leslie Frost and separate schools, c. 1960 Newfoundland: 'No amalgamation' pledge abandoned by Reform Party, 1885 • NI exception: Order gets 3 leaders sacked, 1969 -74. Plays role in decline of Trimble, 2003

Conclusion • Membership over place: Cultural Factors (Irish. Prot. ethnicity, Catholic challenge) most important,

Conclusion • Membership over place: Cultural Factors (Irish. Prot. ethnicity, Catholic challenge) most important, economic least, events in middle • Membership over time: events, culture, economy play some role; 'social capital' decline key post 1960 • Power & Influence: related to membership size and the nature of the political system. Strongest in NI by far

Lord Nelson Loyal Orange Lodge #149 in Woody Point, Bonne Bay, St. Barbe http:

Lord Nelson Loyal Orange Lodge #149 in Woody Point, Bonne Bay, St. Barbe http: //www. kpdata. com/epk/index. html (link 1)

Review Test 5 Twentieth Century Art Twentieth CenturyReview Test 5 Twentieth Century Art Twentieth Century
The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century AThe Orange Order in the Twentieth Century A
The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century AThe Orange Order in the Twentieth Century A
The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century AThe Orange Order in the Twentieth Century A
The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century AThe Orange Order in the Twentieth Century A
The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century AThe Orange Order in the Twentieth Century A
The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century AThe Orange Order in the Twentieth Century A
The Orange Order in Newfoundland in the TwentiethThe Orange Order in Newfoundland in the Twentieth
The Orange Order in Newfoundland in the TwentiethThe Orange Order in Newfoundland in the Twentieth
The Twentieth Century A Century of Change forThe Twentieth Century A Century of Change for
American Theater Early Twentieth Century PreTwentieth Century MostAmerican Theater Early Twentieth Century PreTwentieth Century Most
The twentieth century may be called the centuryThe twentieth century may be called the century
Article Why is the Twentieth Century the CenturyArticle Why is the Twentieth Century the Century
Order 1 Order 2 Order 3 Order 4Order 1 Order 2 Order 3 Order 4
Chapter 19 The Twentieth Century The Early YearsChapter 19 The Twentieth Century The Early Years
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY TIME PERIOD 1900 1945 KEYEARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY TIME PERIOD 1900 1945 KEY
Russia at the start of the twentieth centuryRussia at the start of the twentieth century
Marching towards the Twentieth Century Timeline 1867 ConfederationMarching towards the Twentieth Century Timeline 1867 Confederation
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE PROGRESSIVE ERA AND WORLDTHE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE PROGRESSIVE ERA AND WORLD
Translation theory before the twentieth century The mainTranslation theory before the twentieth century The main
Modern photojournalism The twentieth century Modern photojournalism TheModern photojournalism The twentieth century Modern photojournalism The
Grand Theories of International Security The Twentieth CenturyGrand Theories of International Security The Twentieth Century
Fashion History Fashions of the Twentieth Century 1900Fashion History Fashions of the Twentieth Century 1900
Music in the Twentieth Century and Beyond AgeMusic in the Twentieth Century and Beyond Age