The Opposing Sides Main Topics Opposing sides of

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The Opposing Sides • Main Topics: – Opposing sides of the war – Financing

The Opposing Sides • Main Topics: – Opposing sides of the war – Financing and supplying the war – Military technology – Military strategies • Do Now: – Economics in History Activity (in packet) – “The Pending Conflict” political cartoon pg. 226 • Homework: – Finish Lesson 1 questions in your homework packet.

 • Lincoln Calls out Militia – Called for 75, 000 militia for 90

• Lincoln Calls out Militia – Called for 75, 000 militia for 90 day service – Most believed the war would be short • Southern states refused • Southern states secede rather than fight against Southerners • Robert E Lee chose to lead the CSA army instead of the US Army Virginia April 17 1861 Arkansas May 6 1861 Tennessee May 7 1861 North Carolina May 20 1861

Maryland was very important to the United States M V i r g i

Maryland was very important to the United States M V i r g i n Mason Dixon Line a r i a y l a n d Arrested all pro-southern lawmakers Maryland Legislature then voted on whether to secede Maryland voted to stay in Union

Choosing Sides The Confederacy The Union • The Confederacy had a large number of

Choosing Sides The Confederacy The Union • The Confederacy had a large number of trained officers to lead its armies. • The North had the majority of the nation’s shipyards and all the nation’s warships. • The Confederacy suffered from a lack of funds due to low trade and revenue. • The North controlled the national treasury and issued paper currency to pay suppliers and troops. • European nations were in a difficult position with the Confederacy requesting recognition as a nation and financial assistance. • The United States urged Europe to not interfere.

Rating the North & the South

Rating the North & the South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

Resources: North & the South

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Ohio Military Service

Ohio Military Service

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860

Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860

North vs South Strengths Union Confederacy • 22 million people • 9 million people

North vs South Strengths Union Confederacy • 22 million people • 9 million people • Most mineral, factory and naval resources • Had better and experienced generals • Abraham Lincoln • Were on defensive – convinced north of need to fight to save democracy and union – shorter supply lines, more motivation (defending their homes)

The First Modern War The Civil War involved huge armies made up mostly of

The First Modern War The Civil War involved huge armies made up mostly of civilian volunteers who required vast quantities of supplies and equipment. • Attrition played a major part in the war with the North more easily able to replace soldiers and supplies. • • The strategy of the South was a defensive war of attrition to wear down the North to the point of negotiation. The Anaconda Plan of the North involved blockading Confederate ports and sending gunboats down the Mississippi to divide the Confederacy.

North vs South Strategy Union • Conquer south and return them to Union •

North vs South Strategy Union • Conquer south and return them to Union • Conquer South by destroying economy – capture Mississippi river and blockade coast Confederacy • Only needed to outlast north • Avoid large battles and hope north tire of fighting • South withheld cotton from world – Hoped to force Britain and France to ally with CSA • There was too much cotton in 1861 – Europe didn’t need CSA cotton – CSA plan to get Europe to join war failed

Anaconda Plan • Winfield Scott’s plan to strangle South with blockade and land invasions

Anaconda Plan • Winfield Scott’s plan to strangle South with blockade and land invasions • Designed to have a quick war

Decisive Victory Strategy Union Confederacy • Decisive Victory needed to destroy Confederate army to

Decisive Victory Strategy Union Confederacy • Decisive Victory needed to destroy Confederate army to win • Decisive Victory needed to ruin north’s fighting spirit and impress Europeans to join war Resulted in large battles with high numbers of casualties

The Early Stages • Main Topics: – Mobilizing Troops – The Naval War –

The Early Stages • Main Topics: – Mobilizing Troops – The Naval War – War in the West – War in the East – Emancipation Proclamation • Do Now: – Textbook pgs. 230 and 231 do “Geography Connection” questions in notebook. • Homework: – Finish “Emancipation Proclamation” Lesson questions from class

Beginning of War • North unprepared -- no experience with guns or horses •

Beginning of War • North unprepared -- no experience with guns or horses • South had been preparing • No standard uniform – caused confusion as to who was fighting

Mobilizing the Troops • The Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run

Mobilizing the Troops • The Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run made it clear that the North would need a large, well-trained army to defeat the South. • Initially, enlistment levels were high. • The South introduced conscription in April 1862 for all white men between the ages of 18 and 35, excluding teachers, government workers, and some planters. • The North tried to increase enlistment by offering a bonus to men who signed up for three years but by 1863 had introduced a national draft.

The Naval War • In the spring of 1862, the Union navy had sealed

The Naval War • In the spring of 1862, the Union navy had sealed off every major Southern harbor along the Atlantic coast except for Charleston, South Carolina, and Wilmington, North Carolina. • Confederate ships, built in Britain, worked out of foreign ports to attack Northern merchant ships at sea. • The Union took control of New Orleans, the South’s largest city and a center of the cotton trade, in late spring 1862.

Naval War Union blockaded the South As war continued blockade became more effective USS

Naval War Union blockaded the South As war continued blockade became more effective USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (Merrimack) Both were iron clad ships Battle was a draw

Union Generals General Mc. Clellan Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee General Burnside

Union Generals General Mc. Clellan Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee General Burnside General Hooker Fired after Fredericksburg for losing to Lee Chancellorsville for losing to Lee General Meade given control of Union Army

The War in the West • Union General Ulysses S. Grant took Kentucky and

The War in the West • Union General Ulysses S. Grant took Kentucky and most of western Tennessee which provided the Union with a river route deep into the Confederacy. • Although initially surprised by the Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh, Grant forced the Confederates to retreat but more than twenty thousand troops were killed or wounded. • Union troops led by General Don Carlos Buell stopped Confederate forces at the Battle of Perryville. • Confederate and Union troops met in an undecided battle at Murfreesboro.

War in the East • After 30 days, Union general George B. Mc. Clellan

War in the East • After 30 days, Union general George B. Mc. Clellan was able to capture Yorktown and move toward Virginia. • Robert E. Lee began a series of attacks on Mc. Clellan’s army that became known as the Seven Days’ Battles, which inflicted heavy casualties and encouraged Lee to invade the North. • The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest one day battle in American history and the Union victory kept Britain from intervening for the Confederates. • After the victory at Antietam, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863.

Emancipation Proclamation Frees all slaves in REBELLING states on January 1, 1863 Old South

Emancipation Proclamation Frees all slaves in REBELLING states on January 1, 1863 Old South will be destroyed and replaced with new values

Emancipation Proclamation Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Freeing slaves

Emancipation Proclamation Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Freeing slaves in South seen as military action Can’t free slaves in north because of Constitution As Commander in Chief Government can’t take (head of military) property without due Lincoln can take process military actions

Does Lincoln have authority to make Emancipation Proclamation? No Yes • Confederates created an

Does Lincoln have authority to make Emancipation Proclamation? No Yes • Confederates created an independent nation • US is fighting an internal civil war • Lincoln has no more authority to pass laws in the CSA than he does to pass laws in Canada • If it is a civil war – Lincoln keeps authority over the south – European nations are not allowed to join the war – North should not blockade the South

 • Emancipation Proclamation does 1 NOT abolish ALL slavery in US • Why

• Emancipation Proclamation does 1 NOT abolish ALL slavery in US • Why Not? – Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri might secede – Lincoln hoped Confederate states would stop fighting and return to the Union

Black Americans Join Up • Emancipation Proclamation also allows blacks into US Army •

Black Americans Join Up • Emancipation Proclamation also allows blacks into US Army • Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties • Used them for support work • 54 th Massachusetts – Glory

Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or Did the Slaves Free Themselves? • Watch Nat

Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or Did the Slaves Free Themselves? • Watch Nat Geo video “The Emancipation Strategy” • Read “Background on Emancipation Proclamation” – So far, based on the movie and/or this background, do you think that Lincoln freed the slaves or that the slaves freed themselves?

Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or Did the Slaves Free Themselves? • In Pairs,

Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or Did the Slaves Free Themselves? • In Pairs, Read and complete the guided questions and graphic organizer for Documents A and B. • Discussion Questions: – Did Lincoln free the slaves or did the slaves free themselves? – What are the arguments on either side? – Why have some historians worked really hard to prove that the slaves freed themselves? – Why does it matter whether or not Lincoln was truly bothered by slavery, as Douglass claims?

The Wartime Economies The South The North • The collapse of the transportation system,

The Wartime Economies The South The North • The collapse of the transportation system, the blockade of Southern ports, and Union troops in farming regions led to food shortages and inflation in the South. • The North experienced an economic boom as its industries supplied necessities to the troops and farming became more mechanized, requiring fewer workers. • The South experienced angry mobs over food shortages while the North experienced draft riots.

African Americans in the Military • The Emancipation Proclamation officially permitted African Americans to

African Americans in the Military • The Emancipation Proclamation officially permitted African Americans to enlist in the Union army and navy. • About 180, 000 African Americans served in the Union army and as many as 18, 000 African Americans served in the Union navy. • One of the first African American regiments officially organized in the North was the 54 th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.

Military Life • The Union and Confederate soldiers suffered many hardships during the long

Military Life • The Union and Confederate soldiers suffered many hardships during the long periods between battles. • Unsanitary conditions and disease killed large numbers of men due to the crowded living conditions while doctors struggled to care for the large amount of wounded soldiers. • Women took on many of the nursing tasks in army hospitals and the battlefield. • After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Confederacy announced that it would not exchange freed African Americans for Southern white prisoners but re-enslave or execute all African American troops captured in battle.

Women in the War Women joined to cook and take care of men Women

Women in the War Women joined to cook and take care of men Women passed as men to fight in the war Women served as nurses Worked farms and businesses at home Clara Barton Served as a nurse during war Created aid society to support soldiers Elizabeth Blackwell Created Soldiers Aid Society: Inspected health conditions of hospitals in war

The Turning Point • Key Topics: – Vicksburg Falls – The Battle of Gettysburg

The Turning Point • Key Topics: – Vicksburg Falls – The Battle of Gettysburg – Battle for Tennessee • Homework: – Read Lesson 5 pg. 242 and complete the questions in your homework packet.

 • Union losses decrease the North’s will to fight • North cannot get

• Union losses decrease the North’s will to fight • North cannot get enough volunteers for it’s army • Congress implements a draft Draft Riots in NY • northerners opposed to being forced into fighting – Copperheads – Northern Democrats who want peace with South

Vicksburg Falls • Vicksburg was necessary for the Union to have control of the

Vicksburg Falls • Vicksburg was necessary for the Union to have control of the Mississippi River south of Memphis. • Grant ordered Colonel Benjamin Grierson to go on a raid across Mississippi to distract Confederate forces while he moved into position. • After multiple battles, Confederate forces were forced back into their defenses within Vicksburg. • Grant laid siege to the city and after six weeks, the Confederate forces surrendered.

Battle of Vicksburg • Union wanted to divide South at Mississippi River • Union

Battle of Vicksburg • Union wanted to divide South at Mississippi River • Union had total control except Vicksburg MS and New Orleans • Grant wins and gets complete control of Mississippi for Union

B lu e R id ge M ou nt a in s Summer 1863

B lu e R id ge M ou nt a in s Summer 1863 Lee goes north again --- Out of supplies --- Wanted to force peace

The Road to Gettysburg • Bolstered by the recent Confederate victories, Lee decided to

The Road to Gettysburg • Bolstered by the recent Confederate victories, Lee decided to invade the North again and the Confederates succeeded in pushing the Union troops into the hills to the south of Gettysburg. • The Union forces controlled the high ground as Confederate forces marched across open farmland, Union artillery ripped through the Confederate line causing a loss of over one-third of the Confederate forces. • The Union’s victory at Gettysburg strengthened the Republicans politically and ensured that Britain would not recognize the Confederacy.

Heth Confederates attack Buford’s Cavalry at Cemetery Hill near Gettysburg Buford Pender

Heth Confederates attack Buford’s Cavalry at Cemetery Hill near Gettysburg Buford Pender

Pickett’s Charge 15, 000 Confederate soldiers attack Union positions Confederates make it to Ridge,

Pickett’s Charge 15, 000 Confederate soldiers attack Union positions Confederates make it to Ridge, but are driven back

Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy Gettysburg is the turning point

Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy Gettysburg is the turning point of the Civil War Confederates never go on the offensive again Meade does not pursue Lee

Gettysburg Address Lincoln gives speech at dedication of a military cemetery in Gettysburg States

Gettysburg Address Lincoln gives speech at dedication of a military cemetery in Gettysburg States that the Union is fighting to save democracy for the World

Gettysburg Address “It is … for us to be here dedicated to the great

Gettysburg Address “It is … for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us … that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain --- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom --- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”

Battle for Tennessee • If the Union forces captured Chattanooga they would control a

Battle for Tennessee • If the Union forces captured Chattanooga they would control a major railroad running south to Atlanta. • After forcing Confederate forces out of Chattanooga, Union forces were unable to advance into Georgia and were pushed back into Chattanooga and surrounded. • General Grant, upon arrival to lead Union forces in Chattanooga, ordered a northern attack and a diversionary frontal attack on Missionary Ridge which resulted in a Union victory. • Grants success in Chattanooga won him the role of commander in chief of the Union forces.

The War Ends • Topics: – Grant vs. Lee – The Union Advances –

The War Ends • Topics: – Grant vs. Lee – The Union Advances – The South Surrenders • Do Now: – “Geography Connection” pg. 243 – “Casualties of the Civil War” pg. 245 • Homework: – Chapter 10 Lesson 1 pg. 250

Grant vs. Lee • Ulysses S. Grant put William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of

Grant vs. Lee • Ulysses S. Grant put William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of operations in the West and headed toward Washington D. C. to take command of Union troops against Robert E. Lee. • Grant’s troops sustained heavy casualties following his attacks on Confederate forces near Fredericksburg, Virginia, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. • Grant sent General Philip Sheridan to stage cavalry raids north and west of Richmond while he moved into position around Petersburg. • Grant realized the city was heavily defended by the Confederates and chose to lay siege to the city rather than attack.

The Union Advances • Admiral Farragut took control of Mobile Bay from the Confederates

The Union Advances • Admiral Farragut took control of Mobile Bay from the Confederates which prevented blockade runners from moving goods using any port east of Texas. • General Sherman ordered all civilians to leave Atlanta and had his troops destroy everything of military value. • The fires set in Atlanta quickly spread to other structures, destroying large portions of the city. • Sherman began his March to the Sea through Georgia before turning north and heading into South Carolina, his troops pillaging and burning many towns along the way.

Total War • Sherman’s March to the Sea – Begins September 1864 – Sherman

Total War • Sherman’s March to the Sea – Begins September 1864 – Sherman led his army from Tennessee to Atlanta • Destroy not only army of enemy but homes, factories, farms – wanted to destroy the will of the people to fight • Sherman used total war on his march to the sea • “We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war. ”

The South Surrenders • After the capture of Atlanta, Lincoln easily won reelection. •

The South Surrenders • After the capture of Atlanta, Lincoln easily won reelection. • The Thirteenth Amendment, banning slavery in the United States, passed the House of Representatives and was sent to the states for ratification. • Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. • Five days after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre. • The North’s victory strengthened the power of the federal government over the states, ended the enslavement of millions of African Americans, and left the South socially and economically devastated.

 • Lee becomes surrounded in Virginia • Decides to surrender to Grant on

• Lee becomes surrounded in Virginia • Decides to surrender to Grant on April 9 1865 Appomattox Courthouse • Grant accepts Lee’s surrender • Terms are generous – soldiers kept homes, horses, land were given food

Assassination of Lincoln • John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln at Fords theater in Washington

Assassination of Lincoln • John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln at Fords theater in Washington DC • Booth was captured and killed • • Lincoln died on April 15, 1865 First President to be assassinated • People who helped Booth escape were executed

Results of the Civil War Slaves were freed Casualties of the War Nation is

Results of the Civil War Slaves were freed Casualties of the War Nation is more important than States People start identifying themselves as American Manufacturing and Industrial industries expanded during and after the war

Results of the Civil War Income tax created to pay for war Land for

Results of the Civil War Income tax created to pay for war Land for Homesteads in West Transcontinental Railroads Federal Government grew in size and power State Universities were created