The Oceanic Provinces 1 Neritic Province 2 Oceanic

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The Oceanic Provinces 1. Neritic Province 2. Oceanic Province 1. 1. 3. 4. 3.

The Oceanic Provinces 1. Neritic Province 2. Oceanic Province 1. 1. 3. 4. 3. Pelagic zone 4. Benthic zone 2. 2.

The Oceanic Provinces Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic The Deep Sea

The Oceanic Provinces Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic The Deep Sea

Epipelagic The ______ Zone Ø Ø Ø Lit by sunlight – Photic zone Enough

Epipelagic The ______ Zone Ø Ø Ø Lit by sunlight – Photic zone Enough light for photosynthesis Extends from the surface to 200 m (650 ft) Lack of habitat diversity Vast expanses of nutrient poor water l Epipelagic fish concentrated over continental shelves or areas of upwelling

Mesopelagic Zone The _____ “The Twilight Zone” • The upper regions are still light

Mesopelagic Zone The _____ “The Twilight Zone” • The upper regions are still light during the day, although not light enough for photosynthesis • Often called the twilight zone since its lower boundary at 1000 m (3300 ft. ) is perpetually dark • Many animals in this zone are bioluminescent

The Deep Sea: Bathypelagic, Abyssolpelagic, and Hadopelagic Zones • Receives no sunlight • Cold

The Deep Sea: Bathypelagic, Abyssolpelagic, and Hadopelagic Zones • Receives no sunlight • Cold temperature Mesopelagic Zone The Deep Sea • High pressure • Low food availability

Organisms in the Epipelagic Ø Phytoplankton Ø Zooplankton Ø Nekton

Organisms in the Epipelagic Ø Phytoplankton Ø Zooplankton Ø Nekton

What are these organisms? Phytoplankton Diatoms _______ • Important Primary Producers Dinoflagellates ________ •

What are these organisms? Phytoplankton Diatoms _______ • Important Primary Producers Dinoflagellates ________ • Red Tides

Zooplankton Chaetognaths or ? Arrow worms Copepods

Zooplankton Chaetognaths or ? Arrow worms Copepods

Zooplankton Cnidarians – “True Jellyfish”

Zooplankton Cnidarians – “True Jellyfish”

Zooplankton: Siphonophores Siphophores are colonies of polyps in Phylum Cnidaria, Class Hydrozoa Velella By-the-wind

Zooplankton: Siphonophores Siphophores are colonies of polyps in Phylum Cnidaria, Class Hydrozoa Velella By-the-wind sailor Portuguese man-of-war Physalia

Zooplankton Larvacean in Mucus House Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata

Zooplankton Larvacean in Mucus House Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata

Planktivorous Nekton Filter feeding epipelagic fishes have long fine gill rakers

Planktivorous Nekton Filter feeding epipelagic fishes have long fine gill rakers

Planktivorous Nekton Baleen The Blue Whale – A _____Whale

Planktivorous Nekton Baleen The Blue Whale – A _____Whale

Planktivorous Nekton • The largest of all fishes • Up to 18 m or

Planktivorous Nekton • The largest of all fishes • Up to 18 m or 60 ft. • Filter feeders: Feed on plankton Whale Shark

Nekton Ø Strong Swimmers Ø Fishes, marine mammals, and squid Ø Turtles, sea snakes,

Nekton Ø Strong Swimmers Ø Fishes, marine mammals, and squid Ø Turtles, sea snakes, and penguins Ø Mostly carnivorous

Carnivorous Nekton Albacore

Carnivorous Nekton Albacore

Epipelagic Fishes: Oceanic Forms Sail Fish Blue Marlin Sword Fish

Epipelagic Fishes: Oceanic Forms Sail Fish Blue Marlin Sword Fish

Adaptations of Epipelagic Fishes 1. Streamlined shape 2. Well developed lateral line 22. 3.

Adaptations of Epipelagic Fishes 1. Streamlined shape 2. Well developed lateral line 22. 3. Countershading 3. 1 Streamlined bodies that permit continuous and rapid swimming

The Mesopelagic Zone: Twilight Zone The Photic Zone The deep sea (Aphotic)

The Mesopelagic Zone: Twilight Zone The Photic Zone The deep sea (Aphotic)

The Mesopelagic Mid-Water World Ø The Twilight Zone: No plant growth Ø Goals: Find

The Mesopelagic Mid-Water World Ø The Twilight Zone: No plant growth Ø Goals: Find food and avoid being eaten Ø Darker deeper levels l l Bioluminescence is the only light (blue light) Animals tend to be dark or red. These colors do not reflect blue light well

The Mesopelagic Ø Animals must adapt to low food supplies Ø Animals eat each

The Mesopelagic Ø Animals must adapt to low food supplies Ø Animals eat each other and/or detritus falling down from above Ø Some animals migrate to the surface at night to feed (Vertical Migrations)

The Deep Scattering layer Ø Small fish cause sonic pulses of radar to reflect

The Deep Scattering layer Ø Small fish cause sonic pulses of radar to reflect off millions of swim bladders Ø Gives the impression of a false bottom

Adaptations of Mesopelagic Fishes Ø Vertical migrations Ø Tubular eyes that point upward. Binocular

Adaptations of Mesopelagic Fishes Ø Vertical migrations Ø Tubular eyes that point upward. Binocular vision Ø Counter-illumination: ventrally placed photophores that produces light that breaks up the silhouette of the fish

Adaptations of Mesopelagic Fishes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tubular eyes that

Adaptations of Mesopelagic Fishes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tubular eyes that point upward Binocular vision Counter-illumination Large mouths Small body size Vertical migrations Photophores

What are these? Photophores Plainfin Midshipman

What are these? Photophores Plainfin Midshipman

Mesopelagic Fish: Lantern Fish These fish migrate vertically

Mesopelagic Fish: Lantern Fish These fish migrate vertically

Mesopelagic Fish: Bristlemouth Tubular Eyes that point upward

Mesopelagic Fish: Bristlemouth Tubular Eyes that point upward

Hatchet Fish Mesopelagic Fish: _______ • These fish are about an inch long and

Hatchet Fish Mesopelagic Fish: _______ • These fish are about an inch long and are flattened from side to side. They are covered in highly reflective plates so they are like vertical mirrors. • A potential predator looking up from below would see them silhouetted against the dim light of the surface • They have a series of light organs on their belly that produces light that matches the intensity of the incoming natural light.

Hatchet Fish Viewed From Below Counter-illumination

Hatchet Fish Viewed From Below Counter-illumination

A Mesopelagic Octopus Unlike most of its Relatives this species spends its entire life

A Mesopelagic Octopus Unlike most of its Relatives this species spends its entire life in the Mesopelagic. The opaque eyes and ink sac are the only pigmented parts of the body.

The Deep Sea Ø Constant Environment: Dark and Cold Ø No need for counter-shading

The Deep Sea Ø Constant Environment: Dark and Cold Ø No need for counter-shading or counter- illumination l Animals are red or black

The Deep Sea: Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, and Hadopelagic Zones The deep sea (Aphotic)

The Deep Sea: Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, and Hadopelagic Zones The deep sea (Aphotic)

Angler Deep Sea ____ Fish Ø Bioluminescence to attract prey or mates Ø Small

Angler Deep Sea ____ Fish Ø Bioluminescence to attract prey or mates Ø Small eyes Ø Ø What is this? A male angler fish attached to the female Ø Ø Weak, flabby muscles Swim bladder reduced or absent Large mouth Highly developed lateral line system

Bioluminescent lures mimic fecal matter and other debris that rain down from the surface.

Bioluminescent lures mimic fecal matter and other debris that rain down from the surface. This marine snow is covered with glowing bacteria which is why a lure can be easily mistaken for dinner.

Adaptations of Bathypelagic Fishes 1. Large mouth and teeth 5. Flabby muscles 2. Small

Adaptations of Bathypelagic Fishes 1. Large mouth and teeth 5. Flabby muscles 2. Small eyes 3. Lures 4. Reduced or absent swim bladder 6. Black color 3 4 5 2 1 6

A Relatively Small Oarfish

A Relatively Small Oarfish

Deep Sea Fish: Viperfish The light organ on the dorsal fin serves as a

Deep Sea Fish: Viperfish The light organ on the dorsal fin serves as a Lure.

Viper Jaw Gape • Hinged Skull • Large Stomach

Viper Jaw Gape • Hinged Skull • Large Stomach

Collecting Deep Water Organisms Otter trawl almost onboard with otter boards clear of water

Collecting Deep Water Organisms Otter trawl almost onboard with otter boards clear of water “Cod-end” of trawl where the catch accumulates is about to be emptied onto the deck.

A Good Catch With the Otter Trawl

A Good Catch With the Otter Trawl

Monterey Canyon

Monterey Canyon

6” Fang Toothed Fish Like many other fish form the dark mid-water realm, its

6” Fang Toothed Fish Like many other fish form the dark mid-water realm, its body is dark so that it does not reflect the blue bioluminescence produced by potential predators

Search Lights • Most bioluminescence is blue so most deep sea animals have eyes

Search Lights • Most bioluminescence is blue so most deep sea animals have eyes that are sensitive to blue light. • Most deep sea animals are red or black because neither color reflects blue light well. • This wide mouth feeds on bright red shrimp. They find them using a light organ that emits red light which is reflected by red shrimp.

Two Distinctive Light Organs The small one emits “normal” blue light, the color of

Two Distinctive Light Organs The small one emits “normal” blue light, the color of light that travels the furthest in deep water. The larger one produces deep red bioluminescence

The Tripod Fish Ø The spokes of its pectoral fins have evolved into crutches

The Tripod Fish Ø The spokes of its pectoral fins have evolved into crutches that lift the fish into the current

Deep Sea Fish: Gulper Eel • Lives at a depth of 10, 000 ft.

Deep Sea Fish: Gulper Eel • Lives at a depth of 10, 000 ft. • Can swallow fish bigger than itself by twisting and bending its jaw • Jaw takes up 25% of its body • Four feet long • Relies on lateral line system

The Abyssal Plain: The Benthos

The Abyssal Plain: The Benthos

The Abyssal Plain: The Benthos Ø Benthic organisms are constrained by a severe shortage

The Abyssal Plain: The Benthos Ø Benthic organisms are constrained by a severe shortage of food Ø Deposit feeders are the most conspicuous animals in deep sea floor photographs

The Deep Sea Floor

The Deep Sea Floor

Sea urchin on the deep sea floor

Sea urchin on the deep sea floor

Echinoderms are the Dominant Organisms on the Deep Sea Floor Ø Sea Cucumbers Ø

Echinoderms are the Dominant Organisms on the Deep Sea Floor Ø Sea Cucumbers Ø Brittle Stars Ø Sea Urchins Ø Other important organisms include: l l Polychaete worms Bivalve molluscs