The number of colonists who desire to go

“. . . [T]he number of colonists who desire to go thither [Española] amounts to two thousand, owing to the land being safer and better for farming and trading, and because it will serve as a place to which they can return and from which they can carry on trade with the neighboring islands. ” — Christopher Columbus, in a letter to King Ferdinand Queen Isabella 21. According to the excerpt above, why did people prefer to settle on the island of Española to other islands in the Caribbean? A The area was more suitable for farming. B A trade colony was already established. C The inhabitants were better farmers. D It was less expensive to trade goods.

Political Parties • • Although Washington had warned that political factions were dangerous, divisions grew around two cabinet members. Hamilton and Jefferson opposed each other on almost every issue.

The Big Differences page 289

Election of 1796 • Two political parties, Federalists and Republicans, were formed. • In 1796 both parties back a person for president. • Republicans backed Jefferson/ Burr. • Federalists backed Adams/Pinckney.

1796 Election

• An unexpected outcome occurred during the election • President/Vice–President were selected by vote not running mate. • President, largest vote, was Adams. • VP, next largest vote, was Jefferson. • Having the Pres. and VP offices filled by two different political parties heightened tensions

• Adams first crisis was that the French started to seize American ships like the British had done. • Adams sent diplomats to resolve the issue. 3 French officials told the Americans that the foreign minister wanted $250, 000 for himself and 10 million for France

• Adams did not release their names, referring to them as X, Y, and Z. • This was called the XYZ Affair.

• Adams sent a second party to France. • Hamilton opposed Adams on this • War with France would create a stronger military. • This was a chief Federalist goal. • Adam’s second party found Napoleon Bonaparte, a military officer, in charge. • Napoleon was planning for war and agreed to stop seizing ships. • Adams stood against his own party to avoid war.

• During this time Congress past the Alien and Sedition Acts. • This stated that: • the President could expel any alien • citizens could be fined or jailed for criticizing the government. • Republicans screamed it was unconstitutional

• Adams had kept the US out of war but he sacrificed his political career. • The election of 1800 went to the Republicans, although something strange again happened. • When the electors cast their votes Jefferson and Burr tied for president even though Burr ran for VP. The House selected Jefferson as the third President.

• The Federalist party slowly declined, winning fewer seats in Congress. • It suffered a huge blow when their leader Alexander Hamilton was killed in a 1804 duel with VP Aaron Burr. • Hamilton had been responsible for breaking the tie that made Burr VP • Hamilton had called Burr untrustworthy in a later election