The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 The Royal

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, both at University of Manchester, UK “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”. Andre Geim Born: 1958, Sochi, Russia The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Konstantin Novoselov Born: 1974, Nizhny Tagil, Russia

The Key Paper The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Diamond

0. 142 nm 0. 123 nm A Mechanical exfoliation The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 B

HALL BAR • Fabricate • Isolate • Identify • Attach electrodes • Electric characterization The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Single layers, AFM-pictures 2 nm 0. 5 nm Novoselov, Geim et al. , Science 306 (2004) 666 Geim och Novoselov, Science (2004) The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Electronic structure of graphene It was realized early on that the E-k relation is linear for low energies near the six corners of the two-dimensional hexagonal Brillouin zone, leading to zero effective massfor electrons and holes. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Anomalous quantum Hall effect Klaus von Kitzling, 1985 Graphene: half integer QHE The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Ordinary integer QHE

Klein tunnelling 1 D 2 D Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim, Nature Physics 2006 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Young and Kim, Nature Physics 2009

Breaking strength 42 N/m ->100 times stronger than the strongest steel A 1 m 2 hammock would weigh 0. 77 mg ≈ a whisker and would be strong enough to carrty a 4 kg cat The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Lee et al. , Science 321 (2008) 385

Transparent conductor Transparent and colorless The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Nair et al. , Science 320 (2008) 1308

GRAPHENE First true 2 D material, even at room temperature Linear dispersion relation Light Ultra strong Stretchable Elektron mobility Conductivity Optically transparent: E= c p = c hk, Massless excitations 0. 77 mg/m 2 45 N/m, >100 times stronger than steel up to 20% 200 000 cm 2/Vs (teor. ) Better than copper (teor. ) absorbs only 2. 3% =pa Thermal conductivity: conducts heat 10 times better than Ag at RT The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Future applications Transparent conductor Touch Screens, Solar Cells, light panels May replace Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Elektronics Flexible elektronics High speed transistors, IBM Strong material Composite material with graphene Airplanes, cars, satellites Sensors Gas sensors, … Metrologiy Resistance standard with QHE, alreadt as good as Ga. As The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Large surfaces and touch screens The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Keun Soo Kim, et al. , Nature 457, 706 (2009). X. Li, et al. , Science 324, 1312 (2009). Samsung

Density of charge carriers as a function of the concentration Conductance as a function of the concentration Shedin et al. Nature materials 6 (2007) 652 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Time dependence for exposure to different gases

Superfast transistors ” month’s news” 16 September 2010, Nature: 323 GHz 5 Feb 2010, Science: 100 GHz L. Liao, et al. , Nature, 467 (2010) 305 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Y. -M. Lin, et al. , Science 327, 662 (2010)