The Nipah Sneak Wendy D Wiesehuegel MS BSN

The Nipah Sneak Wendy D. Wiesehuegel, MS, BSN, RN, CDT Ph. D Student Walden University PUBH 8165 -Section 10 Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thron 2010

OBJECTIVES �In this power point presentation, the reader will understand the Nipah virus as a disease in humans and animals �The learner will understand the transmission of this virus to include potential transcontinental transmission. �The learner will understand how to promote prevention, control, and social change activities.

INTRODUCTION TO NIPAH VIRUS (Ni. V) �Genus: HENIPAVIRUS �An emerging virus �Causes severe illness �Symptoms include inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and/or respiratory diseases �There are currently no drugs to treat this disease Mc. Cluney, C. (2010). Scientists model human disease caused by deadly Nipah virus. Retrieved from http: //science. dodlive. mil/2010/05/27/scientistsmodel-human-disease-caused-by-deadly-nipah-virus/

About Nipah Virus Continued… �Nipah virus is a new paramyxovirus �Nipah virus is most closely related to the Hendra virus �Nipah virus infects a variety of mammals Sahani, M. , Parashar, U. D. , Ali, R. , Das, P. , Lye, M. , Isa, M. M. , . . . Sivamoorthy, M. (2000, December 22). Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Malaysia 1998 -1999. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 1017 -1021. doi: 10. 1093/ije/30. 5. 1017

Nipah virus has caused about a dozen outbreaks since its identification, and it can infect a wide range of animals and causes severe disease and death in people, making it a public health concern. 1. Mc. Cluney, C. (2010). Scientists model human disease caused by deadly Nipah virus. Retrieved from http: //science. dodlive. mil/2010/05/27/scientistsmodel-human-disease-caused-by-deadly-nipah-virus/

INCIDENCE & PREVALENCE of NIPAH VIRUS • Significantly high prevalence of bats carrying Nipah Virus • Ongoing Surveillance : Distributional and Longitudinal • Utilizing Data to Minimize Spillover and Large Outbreak incidence Conservation Medicine. (2005). Nipah Virus. Retrieved from http: //www. conservationmedicine. org/nipah. htm

BEHAVIORAL INCIDENCE 1. 24 Month Study on Nipah Virus 2. Development of Psychiatric Features � major depressive disorders � depression � personality disorders 3. Adequacy of Family Support & Social Resources � condition the behavioral response 1. 2. Ng, B. , Tchoyoson Lim, C. C. , Yeoh, A. , & Lee, W. L. (2004, November). Neuropsychiatric sequelae of Nipah virus encephalitis. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 16, 500 -504. Retrieved from http: //neuro. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/16/4/500 Cheyette, S. R. , & Cummings, J. L. (1995). Encephalitis lethargica: lessons for contemporary neuropsychiatry. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7, 125 -134. Retrieved from http: //neuro. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/abstract/7/2/125? ijkey=311519060 cc 550 e 7 d 18102062878 d 5690 e 2 d 76 a 5&keytype 2=tf_ipsecsha

SIGNIFICANCE: PROBLEMS & BELIEFS �Nipah virus can spread to humans without an intermediate host �Human-to-human transmission via casual contact �Transmission in health care settings �Consumption of contaminated food �Evidence of fruit bats in a broader range of countries than previously thought �Due to world-wide travel, human-to-human transmission may now be possible World Health Organization. (2007). Threats to public health security. Retrieved from http: //www. who. int/whr/2007/07_chap 2_en. pdf

Factors of Potential Nipah Virus Vulnerability & Transcontinental Transmission � Increasing Population Size & Density � More Rapid & Frequent Travel � Increased Number of Vulnerable People � Growing Global Commerce � Mass Production in Agriculture � Changes in Land Use and Human Habitats Fineberg, H. V. (2005). Dual-purpose preparedness against natural and deliberate microbial threats. Retrieved from http: //www 7. nationalacademies. org/ocga/testimony/21 st_Century_Biological_Threats. asp

Social Perspectives �Treatment Costs �Support for Families �Returning to Work After Illness �Other Financial Burdens Ng, C. W. , Choo, W. Y. , Chong, H. T. , Dahlui, M. , Goh, K. J. , & Tan , C. T. (2009). Long-term socioeconomic impact of the Nipah Virus encephalitis outbreak in Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri

Environmental Perspectives & Public Health Policy �Anthropologic Land Use Drives Infectious Disease Events �Events Cause a Cascade of Factors that Contribute to the Exacerbation of Emerging Infectious Disease �Systems Model Approach Patz, J. A. , Daszak, P. , Tabor, G. M. , Aguirre, A. A. , Pearl, M. , Epstein, J. , . . . Bradley, D. J. (2004, July). Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environmental Health Perspectives , 112, 1092 -1098. doi: 10. 1289/ehp. 6877

CONCLUSIONS �Initial Diagnostic Confusion = Delayed Detection �Absence of Effective Preventive Measures �Inappropriate Control Measures �Nipah Virus’ Epidemiological Behavior has Changed �Readiness to adapt to Nipah’s Evolution Imperative!

References Cheyette, S. R. , & Cummings, J. L. (1995). Encephalitis lethargica: lessons for contemporary neuropsychiatry. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7, 125 -134. Retrieved from http: //neuro. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/abstract/7/2/125? ijkey=311519060 cc 550 e 7 d 18102062878 d 5690 e 2 d 76 a 5&keytype 2=tf_ipsecsha Chua K. B. , Goh K. J. , Wong K. T. , Kamarulzaman A. , Tan P. S. , Ksiazek T. G. , …Tan, C. T. (1999). Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet, 354, 1257– 1259 Conservation Medicine. (2005). Nipah Virus. Retrieved from http: //www. conservationmedicine. org/nipah. htm Fineberg, H. V. (2005). Dual-purpose preparedness against natural and deliberate microbial threats. Retrieved from http: //www 7. nationalacademies. org/ocga/testimony/21 st_Century_Biological_Threats. asp Lam S. K. , Chua K. B. (2002). Nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia. Clinical Infectious Disease, 34(suppl 2), S 48–S 51

References Continued… Mc. Cluney, C. (2010). Scientists model human disease caused by deadly Nipah virus. Retrieved from http: //science. dodlive. mil/2010/05/27/scientists-model-human-disease-caused-by-deadly-nipah-virus/ Ng, C. W. , Choo, W. Y. , Chong, H. T. , Dahlui, M. , Goh, K. J. , & Tan , C. T. (2009). Long-term socioeconomic impact of the Nipah Virus encephalitis outbreak in Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Patz, J. A. , Daszak, P. , Tabor, G. M. , Aguirre, A. A. , Pearl, M. , Epstein, J. , . . . Bradley, D. J. (2004, July). Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 1092 -1098. doi: 10. 1289/ehp. 6877 Sahani, M. , Parashar, U. D. , Ali, R. , Das, P. , Lye, M. , Isa, M. M. , . . . Sivamoorthy, M. (2000, December 22). Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Malaysia 1998 -1999. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 1017 -1021. doi: 10. 1093/ije/30. 5. 1017 World Health Organization. (2007). Threats to public health security. Retrieved from http: //www. who. int/whr/2007/07_chap 2_en. pdf