The New Imperialism Europe Meets the World Lopsided

The New Imperialism Europe Meets the World

“Lopsided World” The Industrial Revolution created an economic gap between Europe and the rest of the world in the 19 th century. 19 th c. the “British Century” “Third World” / Non-Industrialized

Conquest of Distance Railroads Steamboats Canals Suez – Egypt Panama Increase in intercontinental trade

n With the construction of the Panama and Suez Canals, the world is getting smaller than ever… Panama Canal (1914) Suez Canal (1869) Canals

Emigration n Not only were Europeans reproducing in record numbers at the turn on the 20 th century, but they were also leaving Europe in record numbers n “Great Migration” n Europeans nearly 40 percent of global population in 1900.

A lot can change in 100 years… World Population in 2005

New Imperialism 1880 -1914 European nations take control over most of the globe. Different from “Old Imperialism” of the Age of Exploration

British Empire n By 1921: n ¼ of global population and land mass

Africa The “Dark Continent” In 1880, Westerners had only claimed a few coastal areas… the rest was a mystery. “The Dark Continent is no place for an addict, Elaine. ” – J. http: //jpeterman. com/

Africa 1880 – 1914 Several European nations claim portions of Africa

The Scramble for Africa 1886 1914 http: //unimaps. com/africa

Belgian Congo King Leopold governed directly Local inhabitants treated harshly Rubber

Sir Cecil Rhodes British Made a fortune mining diamonds in S. Africa De. Beers Corporation “Band of Brothers” Rhodesia Rhodes Scholarships Philanthropy

Rhodes Monument South Africa

British Imperial Wars (Africa) n Boer Wars n vs. Boers (Afrikaners) n Descendents of original Dutch Calvinist colonists n Anglo-Zulu War n vs. native Zulu tribe Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War

“Buffalo Horns” Formation (Zulu)

Quinine n Used to treat malaria – a common disease in Sub. Saharan Africa and India n Bitter Taste – best when combined with other ingredients n Tonic Water

British India British East India Company (Until 1858) “Mutiny” (1857 -1858) Raj (1858 -1947) India governed directly by British gov.

British India Administration British Official s 3, 500 member British civil service 300 Million Indians Indian Population

British India The British established a secondary education system English-speaking, Indian elite served in the British government and army Absorbed British culture British Officials Indian Elite Indian Population

Glass Ceiling Highest positions were still filled by the British Resentment Nationalism starts with this offended Indian elite British Officials Indian Elite Indian Population

China Closed System 1500 – Most Advanced Technologies Europeans borrow during Age of Exploration 1800 – Behind Europe Technologically

China still not interested in European goods in 19 th century British have to pay for Chinese goods with silver.

China Opium Trade Grown in India, sold in China British India Opium Silver China Opium Wars 1839 -42, 185660

Japan 1500 s – Jesuit missionaries arrive 1600 s – Jesuits – and all outsiders – expelled 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry (U. S. N. ) demands negotiations Japan opens/Westernizes

Reasons for New Imperialism n Technology Gap in late 19 th century n n Greater than any time before or since National Security Protect investments (e. g. , Suez Canal) n Naval Bases n Special Interests (missionaries, etc. ) n Adventure n Civilizing Mission n n Education n White Man’s Burden / Brown Man’s Burden

Social Darwinism n Origin of the Species (1859) n Evolutionary theory n Common descent n Survival of the fittest

Social Darwinism n Social Darwinism applies Darwin’s scientific findings to justify fierce competition between individuals and nations for dominance. Herbert Spencer

Social Darwinism “I contend… that we [English] are the finest race in the world and the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. ” -- Sir Cecil Rhodes

Critics of Imperialsim n J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (1905) “Cui bono? ” (Who benefits? )

V. I. Lenin Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism Claimed that capitalist nations needed imperialism in order to survive… they would eventually run out of territories to

Russo. Japanese War

Who Will Control Korea?

Westernizatio n

Mikasa British-built Japanese Battleship

Siege of Port Arthur Russian Pacific Fleet destroyed July, 1904 – Jan. , 1905

Russia Redeploys Baltic Fleet

Russia Loses Again

Japan Wins First victory of an Asian Power over European Power

Treaty of Portsmouth The U. S. Mediates

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE (1906)