The New Immigration Who Were the New Immigrants
- Slides: 87
The New Immigration
Who Were the New Immigrants? Those immigrants who came to the United States in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. 1860/1880/1890 until 1920. *depending upon historians view point.
Who were the OLD Immigrants?
The first immigrants Those who had traveled across the land bridge that once connected North America and Asia
The first immigrants from the Old World Columbus & Spanish The conquistadores missionaries The English Virginia Company Puritans Quakers The Dutch traders The French Fur trappers missionaries African slaves
“Old Immigrants”
Old Immigrants IMMIGRANTS PRIOR TO 1890 Primarily from Western & Northern Europe They came from Ireland Germany England Wales Scotland
Irish immigration In Ireland, the potato famine was wreaking havoc. Across the rest of the continent, the economy was changing. Big landowners pushed peasants off their land. New factories made craftsmen obsolete
German immigration Irish and German immigrants, who were seeking to escape from wars, economic dislocations and religious and ethnic discrimination in their own countries, were attracted to the City by the abundant demand for unskilled labor and the militant commitment of the democratic party to Democratic equality.
The New Immigration “The greatest free migration of people in human history” 1880 -1920 During these years approximately 20 million Europeans immigrate to the United States.
What were the Reasons the New Immigrants came to the United States? Hope for a better life. To escape poverty. To find employment. To escape famine and land shortages in Europe. The chance to own land in America. To escape religious persecution. To escape political persecution.
The New Immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe Italy Russia Austria-Hungary Poland Greece Turkey Romania Ireland *
The New Immigrants also came from Asia China Japan Latin America Mexico Caribbean nations
European Immigrants
European Immigrants Escaping Religious Persecution Thousands of European Jews immigrated to the United States to escape POGROMS in Russia & Poland. Anti-Semitism Religious persecution of the Jewish people
European Immigrants Left Europe’s rigid social class system Came to America where a person could better their social/economic status.
European Immigrants LAND Immigrants left Europe because a lack of available farm land to gain. The United States offered the possibility of owning LAND. Homestead Act of 1862.
European Immigrants REFORM Progressive and democratic reforms taking place in the United States inspired Europeans to come to have a greater say in how they are governed and to live better lives. Old Monarchies and Political Turmoil in Europe dismayed many younger Europeans who felt there was no chance for change.
“Birds of Passage”
Chinese Immigrants
Why Chinese Immigrants came to “Gold Mountain” California Gold Rush (1850 s) Work on Transcontinental Railroad and railroad building. Work on farms and in mines in the West. To operate businesses in America.
Chinese Immigration Peak years of immigration was 1851 -1883 Approximately 200, 000 Chinese Immigrants enter the United States.
Reaction to Chinese Immigrants During difficult economic times of 1870 s, unemployed Americans targeted their anger against Chinese labors who they saw as taking their jobs. Anti-Chinese riots broke out in a number of cites.
The Chinese Exclusion Act Banned all Chinese Laborers. Only Chinese allowed to enter the United States were 1) students, 2) teachers, 3) merchants, 4) government officials, and 5) tourists.
Angel Island
Thomas Nast cartoons on Chinese Immigration
Thomas Nast on Chinese Immigration “Every Dog (No Distinction of Color )has his Day. ” Red Gentleman to Yellow Gentleman. “Pale face ‘fraid you crowd him out, as he did me
“And Still They Come”
Japanese Immigrants
Japanese Immigration Japanese were recruited to work on Hawaiian fruit and sugar plantations. When Hawaii became a United States territory allowed opened up Japanese immigration to the West Coast of the United States. By 1920, approximately 200, 000 Japanese immigrants living on the West Coast of the United States.
San Francisco School Board Incident & The Gentlemen’s Agreement
Immigrants from the West Indies Between 1880 and 1920, more than 260, 000 West Indians immigrated to the United States. Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and other islands. Jobs. Settled largely in Florida, New Orleans, Gulf states, and NEW YORK CITY.
Immigrants from Mexico
MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO (1848) United States acquired Mexican Cession from the Republic of Mexico for $15 million dollars All Mexicans living in the Mexican Cession were granted United States citizenship.
Mexican Immigration Newlands Act, aka The National Reclamation Act of 1902. Provided advance irrigation to agricultural areas of the Desert Southwest of the United States. Thousands of Mexicans immigrate to work on farms in the American Southwest.
Mexican Immigration The Mexican Revolution. Thousands left Mexico to escape political, economic and social turmoil. 7% of entire Mexican population immigrates to United States.
The Journey to the New World
The New Colossus Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
Ellis Island This became the primary entry point for millions of Europeans who immigrated to the United States.
Immigrant Inspection
GHETTOS Most immigrants settled in communities settled by fellow immigrants from their homelands. Many would settle in the cities of their ports of entry.
The Challenge of Cities Between 1880 & 1920, 11 millions left the economic hardships of the farms for the opportunities that cities offered.
The Suburbs Residential communities surrounding the cities. Motorized transportation made living outside of cities and commuting to work in cities possible.
Chicago 1871
Chicago 1916
Skyscrapers: Cities grow upwards as well as outwards The elevator, invented by Elisha Graves Otis in 1852, made skyscrapers possible. The Chicago Home Insurance Company building (1885) and the Wainwright building (1891) in St. Louis were two of the first skyscrapers built.
Living in the Cities
How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis Danish immigrant, photojournalist, writer, reformer, PROGRESSIVE
NATIVISM Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.
The American Protective Association • Targeted immigrants as unwanted. • Called for teaching of English language only in schools. • Wanted tougher conditions for citizenship. • Wanted stricter laws on employing immigrants • Particularly despised Catholics.
IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION LEAGUE Formed by Harvard graduates in 1894 Wanted a literacy test used to exclude immigrants considered unfit. Particularly disliked immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (the “New Immigrants”)
PUCK “Looking Backward”
City Politics & Corruption
The Political “B O S S” Individual who organizes, manages, leads and dominates a political party in given area (city, county, state, or national level).
“Boss” Tweed Held numerous jobs including being a chairmaker, a bookkeeper, a member of father's brush-man firm, and a volunteer fireman. Became an alderman to New York city in 1851 and rose quickly through the ranks Major Accomplishments: Built his power in Tammany Hall through the appointment and election of his friends (called the 'Tweed Ring') Conned and plundered the city of New York out of between 30 -200 million dollars Significance: Controlled all Democratic New York state and city nominations from 1860 -1870 Used illegal means to force election of his choice for New York governor, New York City mayor, and speaker of the assembly Raised public indignation against graft and was convicted and sentenced to prison (Note: He was also sued by the city of New York in a civil suit. He escaped from jail and fled to Spain. He was identified there from a cartoon drawn by Thomas Nast. He was returned to New York and died in jail there. )
Tammany Hall was the name given to the Democratic political machine that dominated New York City politics
Immigration & “Boss” politics
Immigrants AND Political Machines & “Boss” politics “THAT’S WHATS THE MATTER” Boss Tweed, “ As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it? Say? ” JOBS, PLACES TO LIVE, OTHER ASSISTANCE
VOTE EARLY AND VOTE OFTEN
Corruption in Municipal Elections
Arrest of the Boss
Social Reform Helping the Needy
Charity Organization Movement Made charity a scientific enterprise Kept detailed files of those poor that were worthy of helping Wanted immigrants to adopt American middle-class standards of childrearing, cleaning and cooking.
Social Gospel Movement Sought to apply the teachings of Jesus Christ to directly help improve society. Focused on ideals such as justice & charity, and sought labor reforms Wanted improved living and working conditions for workers, including larger share of national wealth for workers.
The Settlement Movement Settlement House: kind of community center, offered social services Hull House: opened by Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr Offered education, culture, and hope to slums
Hull House
Temperance & Prohibition Temperance Movement was an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. Prohibition Party Women’s Christian Temperance Movement Anti-Saloon League
PROHIBITION A ban on the manufacturing and sale of alcoholic beverages! Carrie A. Nation crusaded against the evils of alcohol with a hatchet and the Bible
PURITY CRUSADERS Those that lead the fight against immoral or corrupt behavior, VICE. Drugs, gambling, prostitution and other forms of corrupt & decadent behavior Began attacking political machines for corruption in city politics. Anthony Comstock founded the New York Society of the Suppression of Vice.
The Comstock Law • Prohibited sending obscene materials through the mail (this included any material that included descriptions of birth control).
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