The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands a tiny

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. 1. A) so B) despite C) in spite of D) although 2. A) whole B) consequently C) rule D) result 3. A) regularly B) occasionally C) commonly D) unusually 4. A) in B) from C) on D) of 5. A) historic B) historical C) historically D) historian 6. A) at B) in C) on D) for 7. A) sit B) catch C) do D) make 8. A) few B) a few C) little D) a little

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 1 (ALTHOUGH). . . 264 km east to west - although the land area increases slightly. . . INCREASES is a verb ALTHOUGH => (CONJUNCTION) expresses the idea of contrast. ALTHOUGH + SUBJECT + VERB Common Errors: Although the rain, we had the picnic. X ALTHOUGH cannot be followed by a noun! Although it was raining, we had the picnic. V ALTHOUGH must be followed by a subject and a verb!

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 2 (RESULT). . . slightly each year as a result of continuous land reclamation and drainage. . . AS A RESULT OF => DUE TO, BECAUSE OF AS A RESULT OF => anything that is due to something already done. AS A RESULT OF + NOUN Common Errors: As a result of he was disobedient, his boss fired him. X AS A RESULT OF cannot be followed by a verb! As a result of his disobedience, his boss fired him. V AS A RESULT OF must be followed by a noun!

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 3 (COMMONLY). . . much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is commonly known to most of us. . . COMMONLY + KNOWN => COLLOCATION COMMONLY KNOWN => widely known usually or by most people. Other Collocations: COMMONLY ABUSED, COMMONLY AFFECTED, COMMONLY INJURED, COMMONLY MISSED, COMMONLY SEEN, COMMONLY PRESCRIBED.

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 4 (FROM). . . to most of us abroad - a name stemming from its once most prominent provinces. . . STEM + FROM => VERB + PREPOSITION STEM FROM => to be caused by, to come from (something or someone). Common Errors: Her fear of spiders stems of an incident in her childhood. X Her fear of spiders stems from an incident in her childhood. V

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 5 (HISTORIC). . . You'll be impressed by its historic cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, . . . HISTORIC + CITY => a historic city is very old. HISTORIC => something important or influential in history. (HISTORIC BUILDING/EVENT/MOMENT/PLACE/SPOT). HISTORICAL => refers to anything from the past, important or not. (HISTORICAL NOVEL/EVIDENCE/SOCIETY/CONTEXT). Common Errors: David writes historic novels. X David writes historical novels. V

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 6 (ON). . . From the exciting variety on offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour. . . ON + OFFER => FIXED PHRASE ON OFFER => for sale, often cheaply. Common Errors: That shop has carpets at offer at £ 50 each. X That shop has carpets on offer at £ 50 each. V

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 7 (MAKE). . . which is on hand to give you information and make reservations. You'll have. . . MAKE + A RESERVATION => COLLOCATION MAKE A RESERVATION => when you arrange to have something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant kept for you. Common Errors: I'd like to do a room reservation for three people. X I'd like to make a room reservation for three people. V

The Netherlands Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to south, and 264 km east to west - (1). . . the land area increases slightly each year as a (2). . . of continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland, ' as it is (3). . . known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4). . . its once most prominent provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking natives. You'll be impressed by its (5). . . cities and charmed by its countryside and villages, full of contrasts. From the exciting variety(6). . . offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand to give you information and (7). . . reservations. You'll have (8). . . language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally. GAP 8 (FEW). . . and make reservations. You'll have few language problems here, as the Dutch are true linguists. . . FEW => DETERMINER FEW => not many | A FEW => some | used with countable nouns LITTLE => not much | A LITTLE => some | used with uncountable nouns Common Errors: She's got a lot of money but a few friends. X A FEW doesn't make sense in this sentence! She's got a lot of money but few friends. V

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness.

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 1 (MANY). . . mythology, and history of many different cultures. Cave paintings. . . MANY => DETERMINER MANY => used with plural nouns and verbs, especially in negative sentences and questions, to mean 'a large number of '. Common Errors: He has got many friends. X in affirmative sentences we use A LOT OF or PLANTY OF! He hasn't got many friends. V MANY is usually used in questions and negative sentences!

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 2 (THAT/WHICH). . . different types of wild cats thatwhich are now extinct, or no longer around. . . WHICH | THAT => RELATIVE PRONOUN WHICH | THAT => used after a noun to show what thing or things you mean. Common Errors: He gave me the book, that was very old. X in non-defining clauses THAT cannot replace WHICH! This is the book that you wanted. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHICH or THAT! This is the book which you wanted. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHICH or THAT!

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 3 (TO). . . hunted by humans in return. Cats similar to the ones kept as pets today . . . SIMILAR + TO => ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION SIMILAR TO => almost the same. Common Errors: The climate of Spain is similar with that found in Portugal. X We never use WITH after SIMILAR! The climate of Spain is similar to that found in Portugal. V

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 4 (HOWEVER/NEVERTHELESS). . . honoured cats and kittens. However, other cultures feared cats or thought. . . HOWEVER => ADVERB HOWEVER | NEVERTHELESS => used when you are adding a fact or piece of information that seems surprising, or seems very different from what you have just said. Common Errors: We thought the figures were correct. However we have now discovered some errors. X COMMA must be used after HOWEVER! We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors. V

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 5 (HOW/WHERE). . . No one knows for sure when or how cats became very popular household pets. . HOW => ADVERB HOW => used to ask or talk about the way in which something happens or is done. Common Errors: What do you spell your name? X How do you spell your name? V

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 6 (SO). . . how cats hunted mice and rats, so they set food and milk out to keep the cats near. . . SO => CONJUNCTION SO =>used to say that someone does something because of the reason just stated. Common Errors: It was still painful and I went to see a doctor. X It was still painful so I went to see a doctor. V SO is used to show the reason for something!

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 7 (TOO). . . homes. This helped to prevent too many of these rodents from coming into homes and. . . TOO + MANY => ADVERB + DETERMINER TOO => more than is required, desirable or suitable. Common Errors: There are too much vehicles on the road. X There are too many vehicles on the road. V

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1). . . different cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2). . . are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3). . . the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens. (4). . . , other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5). . . cats became very popular household pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6). . . they set food and milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7). . . many of these rodents (8). . . coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness. GAP 8 (FROM). . . helped to prevent too many of these rodents from coming into homes and eating people's food. . . PREVENT + FROM => VERB + PREPOSITION PREVENT sb FROM (doing) sth => to stop someone doing something or something happening. Common Errors: The high wall prevented them to see the garden. X The high wall prevented them from seeing the garden. V PREVENT is alwyas used with FROM!

The Atmosphere of (1. ). Would you like to (2. ) an astronaut? To do this, you must travel at least 50 miles (80 kilometres) above the surface of the earth. But even after you have done that you are still (3. ) earth's atmosphere. Indeed, there at least 300 miles of air still between you and the true vacuum of space. Most of what we think of as our atmosphere is actually the troposphere, that part of the atmosphere closest to earth. This is where most of our weather happens, and it is the only part of the atmosphere which has enough oxygen and warmth for humans to survive. (4. ) part of the atmosphere is about ten miles thick at the equator and slightly half that height at the (5. ). (6. ) the troposphere is the stratosphere, which you have probably (7. ) if you have travelled on an international jet liner. But there is another kind of 'jet' at this altitude. Huge rivers of air called 'jet streams' (8. ) through the stratosphere, and the stratosphere contains the ozone layer which filters harmful ultraviolet rays which could (9. ) make life on earth extinct. Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere, and above that the ionosphere, which is important for radio communications as signals can be (10. ) off the ionosphere to different (11. ) of the world. Many people think that the atmosphere is mostly oxygen, (12. ) that is what we breathe. But in (13. ) oxygen makes up only about 21% of the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide, which we breathe out, makes up less than 1%. Over three quarters of the atmosphere is nitrogen, which was expelled from inside the planet while it was still very volcanically (14. ). We have a lot of nitrogen in our bodies, but we do not get it (15. ) from the atmosphere. Instead we get our nitrogen from plants which we eat.

The Atmosphere of (1. Earth ). Would you like to (2. become) an astronaut? To do this, you must travel at least 50 miles (80 kilometres) above the surface of the earth. But even after you have done that you are still (3. within) earth's atmosphere. Indeed, there at least 300 miles of air still between you and the true vacuum of space. Most of what we think of as our atmosphere is actually the troposphere, that part of the atmosphere closest to earth. This is where most of our weather happens, and it is the only part of the atmosphere which has enough oxygen and warmth for humans to survive. (4. This) part of the atmosphere is about ten miles thick at the equator and slightly half that height at the (5. poles). (6. Above/After) the troposphere is the stratosphere, which you have probably (7. visited) if you have travelled on an international jet liner. But there is another kind of 'jet' at this altitude. Huge rivers of air called 'jet streams' (8. flow) through the stratosphere, and the stratosphere contains the ozone layer which filters harmful ultraviolet rays which could (9. otherwise) make life on earth extinct. Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere, and above that the ionosphere, which is important for radio communications as signals can be (10. bounced) off the ionosphere to different (11. parts) of the world. Many people think that the atmosphere is mostly oxygen, (12. since/because) that is what we breathe. But in (13. fact/reality) oxygen makes up only about 21% of the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide, which we breathe out, makes up less than 1%. Over three quarters of the atmosphere is nitrogen, which was expelled from inside the planet while it was still very volcanically (14. active). We have a lot of nitrogen in our bodies, but we do not get it (15. directly) from the atmosphere. Instead we get our nitrogen from plants which we eat.

The only way to 0__fitness______________ is through exercise. Spending your life as a 'couch potato' is almost the 1______ thing that you can do. I'm not saying that you need to become 2________ about keeping yourself fit and spend long miserable hours 3________ jogging for miles in the rain every day. But it is essential that you do a minimum of 4_ exercise. Have a 5__________ with your doctor, and then exercise 6__________ according to his 7__________. 0. fit 1. health 2. fanatic 3. happy 4. day 5. discuss 6. system 7. instruct

The only way to 0__fitness______________ is through exercise. Spending your life as a 'couch potato' is almost the 1______ thing that you can do. I'm not saying that you need to become 2________ about keeping yourself fit and spend long miserable hours 3________ jogging for miles in the rain every day. But it is essential that you do a minimum of 4_ exercise. Have a 5__________ with your doctor, and then exercise 6__________ according to his 7__________. 0. fit 1. health 2. fanatic 3. happy 4. day 5. discuss 6. system 7. instruct 1. unhealthiest 2. fanatical 3. unhappily 4. daily 5. discussion 6. systematically 7. instructions

8. __________you know someone who is 9. __________ of spiders. The problem is so common that 10. __________even have a word for it - arachnophobia. No one is sure what it is that inspires this 11. __________terror. Some people believe it is the legs, the numerous eyes, or even their scuttling form of movement. Perhaps it is a 12. _______ of all these things. Many people spray spiders with 13. __________as soon as they see them, despite the fact that spiders are useful in keeping down 14. _________ of other insect pests in the house. Mind you, for some people anything is 15. __________ to spiders! 8. Doubt 9. terror 10. psychology 11. rational 12. combine 13. insect 14. infest 15. prefer

8. __________you know someone who is 9. __________ of spiders. The problem is so common that 10. __________even have a word for it - arachnophobia. No one is sure what it is that inspires this 11. __________terror. Some people believe it is the legs, the numerous eyes, or even their scuttling form of movement. Perhaps it is a 12. _______ of all these things. Many people spray spiders with 13. __________as soon as they see them, despite the fact that spiders are useful in keeping down 14. _________ of other insect pests in the house. Mind you, for some people anything is 15. __________ to spiders! 8. Doubt 9. terror 10. psychology 11. rational 12. combine 13. insect 14. infest 15. prefer 8. Doubtless/Undoubtedly 9. terrified 10. psychologists 11. irrational 12. combination 13. insecticide 14. infestations 15. preferable

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