The Nervous System Integration and Control Parts of

The Nervous System: Integration and Control § Parts of the Nervous system § CNS § PNS § Nerve cell § Brain anatomy § Nervous Disorders Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Components of the Nervous System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 1

Principle Parts of Nervous System § Central nervous system (CNS) § Components: brain and spinal cord § Functions: receives, processes, and transfers information § Peripheral nervous system (PNS) § Components: nerves outside CNS § Sensory neurons: carry information toward the CNS § Motor neurons: carry information away from CNS Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Neurons in the Nervous System Skin Receptor Dendrite Axon Muscle Axon bulb Axon terminals Axon Sensory neuron Cell body Impulse direction Motor neuron Axon hillock Dendrites Interneuron Cell body Axon Dendrites Cell body Brain and spinal cord Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 2

Myelinated Neuron Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 7 a

Summary of Synaptic Transmission Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 8

Motor Neuron Divisions of PNS—Somatic Division § Functions § Voluntary § Conscious control of skeletal muscles § Involuntary § Spinal reflexes § Flexor (withdrawal) § Crossed extensor § Stretch Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reflex Arcs PLAY Animation—Reflex Arcs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 10

Motor Neuron Divisions of PNS—Autonomic Division § Controls automatic body functions § Parasympathetic nervous system § Sympathetic nervous system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Somatic and Autonomic Divisions of the PNS Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 11. 2

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 12 (1 of 2)

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 12 (2 of 2)

The Brain FOREBRAIN Cerebrum • Coordinates language • Controls decision making • Produces conscious thought Corpus callosum • Bridges the two cerebral hemispheres Thalamus • Receives, processes and transfers information Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 15

The Brain MIDBRAIN • Relays visual and auditory inputs • Coordinates movement Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 15

The Brain HINDBRAIN Pons • Connects cerebellum, spinal cord with higher brain centers • Aids medulla in regulating respiration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Medulla oblongata • Controls automatic functions of internal organs Cerebellum • Controls basic and skilled movements Figure 11. 15

The Brain Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 17 (1 of 2)

The Brain Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 17 (2 of 2)

Limbic System: Emotions of Fear, Anger, Sorrow, Love Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 19

Psychoactive Drugs § Psychological dependence § User craves the feeling associated with the drug § Tolerance § Requires more of the substance to achieve the same affect Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Psychoactive Drugs § Addiction § The need to continue obtaining and using a substance § No free choice § Withdrawal § Physical symptoms that occur upon stopping the drug Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Disorders of the Nervous System § Infections § Viruses or bacteria that manage to pass through the blood–brain barrier § Encephalitis § Inflammation of the brain caused by viral infection § Meningitis § Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection § Rabies § Infectious viral disease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Disorders of the Nervous System § Neural and synaptic transmission § Epilepsy § Recurring episodes of abnormal electrical acitvity § Parkinson’s disease § Loss of dopamine-releasing neurons § Alzheimer’s disease § Shortage of acetylcholine § Brain tumors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.