The nervous system Ayo Life Science 2010 The

The nervous system 鄭先祐(Ayo) 製作 Life Science 2010 The nervous system

• Fig. 22. 1 animal nervous systems • (a) Hydra, with no coordinating center • (b) planarian, with a brain. • (c) Earthworm, well-defined brain. • (d) Frog, welldeveloped brain protected by bone. • (e) human. The nervous system 2

The nervous system • Central nervous system (中樞神經系統) – Brain + spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (周圍神經系統) – Somatic nervous system • cranial nerves • spinal nerves (dorsal + ventral root) – Autonomic nervous system (自主神經系統) • Sympathetic nervous system (交感神經系統) • parasympathetic nervous system (副交感神經系統) Table 22. 1 parts of the human nervous system The nervous system 3

Fig. 22. 2 a simple reflex arc is shown in the knee-jerk response. The nervous system 4

• Notice the diminutive size of the cerebrum relative to the olfatory 延腦 bulb in fish. 小腦 大腦 嗅囊 Fig. 22. 3 (a) fish (b) snake The nervous system 5

(c) Fig. 22. 3 (a) cat (b) human The nervous system 6

Fig. 22. 4 Birds are so stupid because they can fly. The nervous system 7

• Fig. 22. 5 Under the wrinkled exterior of the human brain resides an incredibly complex array of neurons. The nervous system 8

Fig. 22. 6 The human brain in surface view, showing the two halves, , or cerebral hemispheres. 大腦皮層 視丘 橋腦 小腦 The nervous system 9

額葉 頂葉 枕葉 顳葉 小腦 延腦 Fig. 22. 6 (b)system Major lobes of human brain. 10 The nervous

Table 22. 2 Function of human brain • • • Medulla oblongata： 呼吸、消化、心跳、. . . cerebellum ： 控制平衡和協調。 Pons 連接大腦和小腦。 Thalamus ： The great relay station Reticular system：過濾感覺神經訊息 Hypothalamus：調解心跳、血壓、体溫、 和腦下垂體，控制饑餓、口渴和性的動機。 The nervous system 11

Fig. 22. 7 The reticular system of the human brain. The impulse originating at the lower right passes through the reticular system, with its untold millions of neurons. The smaller arrows indicate the entire cerebrum has been alerted, but a specific part (the lighted area) is the target of most of the impulses. The nervous system 12

感應區 動作區 思考區 Fig. 22. 8 Sensory and motor cortex. The nervous system 13

Essay 22. 1 Penfield's mapping • Wilder Penfield, of the Montreal Neurological Institute, was one of the group of researchers who fascinated scientific world by stimulating the human brain with electrodes. • Most of work was done on epileptic (癲癇) patients. The nervous system 14

Epileptic patients • the attacks are caused by uncontrolled neural discharges from the injured area sporadically surging through the brain. • Penfield's surgery was an attempt to identify and remove the damaged area without damaging other areas of the brain. • The patients were conscious throughout the operation (the brain can not feel pain) and could respond to questions when various parts of their brain were stimulated. The nervous system 15

Essay 22. 1 Penfield's mapping • Penfield was able, in effect, to "map" the brain, to determine which parts are associated with specific functions. • Penfield found that the human brain may "remember" virtually everything it has ever experienced, and that these memories can be elicited in very specific terms. • We all have what are called "photographic memories" to an extent. The nervous system 16

• Penfield has described the storage of such memories as being similar to recording by a tape recorder. • The recorder is able to run only forward, and it has only one speed. • Electrode stimulation cannot elicit events in any sequence other than the one in which they happened, and, when elicited, these remembered events are re-experienced at the same rate they occurred. The nervous system 17

Two Brains, Two minds? • Fig. 22. 9 The right and left sides of the brain control, in a general way, different abilities. • 左腦：言語、理 性、作文 • 右腦：音樂、三 度空間感、直覺、 想像 The nervous system 18

Fig. 22. 10 The corpus callosum is a broad tract of nerve fiber that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. The nervous system 19

• 有corpus callosum 可以 整合左右影像。 • 若是切開，則 無法整合。 Fig. 22. 11 Splitting the two visual fields of the brain. The nervous system 20

副交感神經 Fig. 22. 12 The autonomic nervous system. The nervous system 21

Fig. 22. 12 The autonomic nervous system. 副交感神經 The nervous system 22

Fig. 22. 13 The sensory System detects the presence of a bear and relays that information to the cerebrum, where the bear is recognized as such. The hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system are then activated, which stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete norepinephrine. The nervous system 23

Fig. 22. 13 The nervous system 24

Fig. 22. 13 The nervous system 25

Fig. 22. 13 The nervous system 26

Fig. 22. 13 The nervous system 27

Fig. 22. 13 The nervous system 28

Autonomic Learning • Researchers of Rockefeller University were able to teach rats to increase or decrease heart rate, blood pressure, intestinal contractions, blood vessel diameter, and even rate of urine formation. • The ones in the desired direction were rewarded by electrical stimulation of the "pleasure center" of the brain; variations in the other direction were punished by a slight but unpleasant shock. The nervous system 29

• Some of the amazing feats accomplished by some practitioners of yoga, such as when they drastically lower their metabolic rate, may be due to autonomic learning (Fig. 22. 14) • Fig. 22. 14 Yogis may work their wonders by using autonomic learning to alter the condition of their tissues. The nervous system 30

Biofeedback • People are provided with information that allows them to monitor their autonomic processes and control them. • For example, when given information on their brainwaves, they may learn to consciously generated those waves that indicate restfulness and peace (Fig. 22. 15) Fig. 22. 15 腦波 (a) wakeful (b) at rest The nervous system 31

Here, an entire football team reduces stress before a game with techniques learned through biofeedback training. Fig. 22. 15 Biofeedback techniques allow the subject to monitor his or her brainwaves and thus to increase the likelihood of generating waves of a specific type, such as those associated withsystem relaxation. The nervous 32

Mindbenders • Drugs are psychoactive agents: that is, they can alter mood, memory, attention, control, judgement, time-and space sense, emotion, and sensation. • Most cause effects that can be placed along a continuum between stimulation and depression (Fig. 22. 16). The nervous system 33

Fig. 22. 16 (上半部 stimulation)A continuum of drug action. The effects are shown at left, the various agents at right. The neutral area is drug free. The nervous system 34

Fig. 22. 16 (下半部 depression)A continuum of drug action. The effects are shown at left, the various agents at right. The neutral area is drug free. The nervous system 35

Essay 22. 2 pills and personalities • Do you ever feel dumb? If so, maybe there's a pill in your future. • Are you ever impulsive( 衝動)? 購買慾？ • Are you shy? Forgetful? • 這些都有各別的藥丸。 The nervous system 36

藥丸的功效 • A shy child may have an easily stimulated amygadala. • Shy children my also produce too much of the excitatory neurotransmitter norepinephrine. A drug that blocks the receptors for epinephrine at the synapse could help. • Too little serotonin leading to fewer social invitations. The nervous system 37

• Other drugs can reduce obsessive behavior ( 強迫性行為) (such as constant and needless cleaning), impulsiveness (that can lead to shoplifting, or kleptomania 竊盜狂), and anxiety (焦慮). • There are drugs that can help concentration, increase memory, and stimulate other traits that can increase IQ scores on tests. • Will a changed person still be the same person? If someone is to be changed, who decides? Is it good or bad? The nervous system 38

The growth of psychopharmacology • Tree advances have propelled the growth of psychopharmacology. • (1) there is good evidence that emotion springs from the activity of neurotransmitters operating in certain parts of the brain • (2) we have abundant information regarding which part of the brain controls what emotions. • (3) we're learning which transmitters operated in each of those areas. The nervous system 39

Tabacco • Tabacco is the dried leaf of the plant Nicotiana tabacum. • Over 6800 different chemicals are found in tobacco smoke, many of them carcinogens. • The major psychoactive product nicotine is carcinogenic. • In large doses, nicotine may also cause cramps( 抽筋), vomiting(嘔吐), diarrhea(腹瀉), dizziness(頭昏), confusion(困惑), and tremors( 發抖). The nervous system 40

Smoking • The development of the smoking habit is curious. 另外就是香煙強力廣 告的誘惑。 • Smoking may cause physiological and psychological dependence on the products in the smoke. The nervous system 41

Table 22. 3 some mindbending drugs • Tobacco (煙草)： stimulant 生理和心理依賴 • Caffeine (咖啡)： stimulant 有點心理依賴 • THC(marijuana/hashish, 大麻) ：少量鎮定， 多量有幻覺 可能會產生心理依賴 • Alcohol： depressant 生理和心理依賴 • Opiates(鴉片)：depressant 強烈的生理依賴 • Cocaine(古柯鹼)：stimulant 生理和心理依賴 The nervous system 42

Table 22. 3 some mindbending drugs • Amphetamines (安非他命)：stimulant 生理 和心理依賴 • Barbiturates(巴必妥)：depressant 生理和心 理依賴 • Phencyclidine ：relaxation, euphoria, 幻覺 • Methaqualone ： depressant 生理依賴 • Psychedelics ： 幻覺 The nervous system 43

Fig. 22. 18 Marijuana plants were once a common weed. The species, however, has undergone tremendous artificial selection to produce plants high in THC (大麻). The nervous system 44

• Fig. 22. 19 An early governmental warning of the hazards of marijuana use. Such exaggeration have led to a general skepticism regarding such warnings. The nervous system 45

• Fig. 22. 20 Photo of Coca-Cola ad touting that it contains cocaine. The nervous system 46

Essay 22. 3 The hangover (宿醉) • A hangover is a seemingly interminable but temporary chemical imbalance in the body, caused by alcohol acting as an anesthetic on the central nervous system. The nervous system 47

This person is in a stupor(昏迷) at this point but has been tied down because he can be expected to be violent should be ever awaken. • Fig. 22. 21 Admitted to a hospital as a result of an overdose of barbiturates. The nervous system 48

The hangover (宿醉) • A dilation of blood vessels in the brain, the movement of water, potassium, and other ions from the cell outward to the intercellular spaces, depletion of magnesium form the kidneys, and inflammation of the stomach lining. • The results are headache, insatiable thirst, upset stomach, fatigue, grouchiness(嘮叨), and perhaps remorse(懊悔). • The morning-after drink provides superficial relief while slowing down recovery. The nervous system 49

v 問題與討論！ japalura@hotmail. com Ayo NUTN website: http: //myweb. nutn. edu. tw/~hycheng/ The nervous system 50