The Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards

The Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Directions The first slide asks a question. The second slide answers the question. Use these slides like flash cards to test your core knowledge. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the divisions of the nervous system. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer • CNS (central nervous system) • PNS (peripheral nervous system) • ANS (autonomic nervous system) • Somatic (voluntary) • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the organs of the nervous system. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer • • • Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Specialized sense organs Microscopic sense organs Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer The brain and spinal cord Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer The nerves that extend to outlying parts of the body. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Describe the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that consists of structures that regulate the body’s automatic or involuntary functions (heart rate, stomach and intestinal contractions, and gland secretions) Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the two types of cells found in the nervous system. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Neurons 2. Glia Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Neurons are nerve cells and they consist of three parts. What are three parts of a neuron? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. The main part is called the cell body. 2. One or more branching projections are called dendrites. 3. One elongated projection is called the axon. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What are the functions of each part of the neuron? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer • Dendrites conducts impulses to the cell body. • Cell body is the main part. • Axon conducts impulses away from the cell body. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Axons are either myelinated or unmyelinated. What is myelin? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Myelin is a white fatty substance formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The indentations between Schwann cells in the PNS are called ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Nodes of Ranvier Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell is called ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Neurilemma Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Glia is one of the two types of cells in the nervous system. Glia have several functions including holding the functioning neurons together, protecting them, and regulating neuron function. Glia cells vary in shape and size. Can you name three main types of support cells in the central nervous system and provide a short description of each? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Astrocytes: Star shaped cells with threadlike branches, anchor blood vessels to neurons, and support the blood brain barrier. 2. Microglia: Usually remain stationary until inflammation or deterioration occurs, then they enlarge and begin the process of phagocytosis. 3. Oligodendrocytes: Produce the myelin sheath that wraps nerve fibers in the CNS. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name three nerve coverings and what each covers. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Endoneurium: Surrounds the individual fibers within a nerve. 2. Perineurium: Surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers. 3. Epineurium: Surrounds the entire nerve. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question True or False? Only neurons can provide the rapid communication between cells that is necessary for maintaining life. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer True Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Another term for nerve impulse is ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Action potential Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question A specialized type of neuron pathway is called a ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Reflex arc Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The simplest kind of reflex arc is ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Two-neuron reflex arc (sensory neuron and motor neuron) Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What neurons are included in a threeneuron reflex arc? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Sensory neurons 2. Interneurons 3. Motor neurons Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The “knee jerk” or patella reflex is an example of a ______ neuron reflex. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Two Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Receptors are at the beginning of the dendrites of ______ neurons. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Sensory Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Describe the term ganglion. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is the definition of a nerve impulse? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer A self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The microscopic space that separates the axon ending of one neuron from the dendrites of the next neuron is called a ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Synapse Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is saltatory conduction? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer As the traveling nerve impulse comes in contact with myelin sections, it jumps over the myelin to the indentations called Nodes of Ranvier. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question When the traveling impulse jumps from one neuron to the next it crosses over a ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Synapse Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name a type of three-neuron reflex arc? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Withdrawal reflex Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What are three structures that make up a synapse? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Synaptic Knob 2. Synaptic Cleft 3. Plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The synaptic knob contains small sacs or vesicles. Each sac or vesicles contains a chemical compound called ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Neurotransmitters Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is a neurotransmitter? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Chemicals used by neurons to communicate. Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist, stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At least thirty different compounds have been identified as neurotransmitters. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Detail the process of a neurotransmitter release through to its termination. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. The vesicles of the synaptic knob of a preganglionic neuron’s axon release the neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft. 2. The neurotransmitter is received by the receptor site on the cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron’s dendrites. 3. What is not used or needed will diffuse back into the synaptic knob or will be absorbed by the body. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is acetylcholine? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer A neurotransmitter abbreviated as ACH and released at the neuromuscular junction as well as all autonomic ganglia. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Describe catecholamines and name three types of this neurotransmitter. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer • • Catecholamines play a role in sleep, motor function, mood and pleasure recognition. Three catecholamines are: 1. Norepinephrine 2. Serotonin 3. Dopamine Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name two morphine-like neurotransmitters. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Endorphins 2. Enkephalins Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What neurotransmitters ay be released in response to pain or injury? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Endorphins and enkephalins Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The central nervous system has two main structures; the brain and the spinal cord. In addition to the brain being protected by the cranial cavity and the spinal cord surrounded in the spinal cavity by the vertebral column for its protection, both are covered by protective membranes called ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Meninges Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the divisions of the brainstem from inferior to superior. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer • Medulla Oblongata • Pons • Midbrain Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question From the brain stem, moving superiorly, name the next parts of the brain. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer • • • Diencephalon Hypothalamus Thalamus Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Which part of the diencephalon controls the hormone secretion for the pituitary gland? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Hypothalamus Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is the second largest part of the human brain? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Cerebellum Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is the name of the largest part of the brain? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Cerebrum Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Which part of the brain helps control muscle contractions by producing coordinated movements so we can move smoothly and maintain our balance with normal posture? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Cerebellum Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the four lobes of the cerebrum. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. 2. 3. 4. Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is the name of the structure that separates and allows the brain hemispheres to communicate? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Corpus collosum Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Which lobe of the cerebrum controls movement? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Frontal lobe Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the shallow grooves in the cerebrum. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Sulci—grooves Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Where is the motor speech area called Broca’s area located? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Frontal lobe Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Which part of the brainstem contains the vital centers? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Medulla oblongata Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the part of the brain responsible for regulating sleep cycle, water balance, and that produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Hypothalamus Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The spinal cord has inner and outer parts. Which part is composed of white matter made up of bundles of axons called tracts? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer The outer part of the spinal cord. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is CSF? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Cerebrospinal fluid—a clear fluid that nourishes and protects the brain and spinal cord as well as fills the ventricles in the brain. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name three layers of the tough, fluidcontaining membranes known as meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord, from superficial to deep. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Dura mater (tough mother) 2. Arachnoid (cobweb-like) 3. Pia mater (soft mother) Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question The structure associated with the ventricles and contributes to the formation of CSF is ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Choroid plexus Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question How many pair of cranial nerves are in the human body? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Twelve pair Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the cranial nerves. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the human body? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Thirty-one pairs Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve are called ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Dermatomes Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What are the paths of the white matter tracts? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer • Sensory tracts= Peripheral nerves to the brain • Motor tracts= Brain to peripheral nerves Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Our spinal nerves conduct impulses necessary for us to experience sensations as well as voluntary movements, explaining their structure of the dendrites of sensory neurons and the ______ of ______. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Axons of motor neurons Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is known as the “fight or flight” system? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Sympathetic or thoracolumbar system Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What are three types of tissues the ANS controls? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer 1. Cardiac 2. Smooth 3. Glandular (epithelial) Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Name the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic axons. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Norepinephrine Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Which branch of the ANS dominates control of visceral effectors in normal everyday conditions? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Parasympathetic system Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question Where will you find a sensory cell body? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer In the dorsal horn or posterior root ganglion. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What are cholinergic fibers? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Sympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons and the parasympathetic postganglionic axon classify as cholinergic fibers because they release ACH from their terminals at the synapse. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What fibers are considered adrenergic? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer Only the axon of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in sympathetic response to visceral receptors. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is another name for the limbic system? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer The emotional brain Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Question What is the autonomic nervous system’s job as a whole? Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

Answer To regulate the body’s automatic functions that will bring about or restore homeostasis. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals