The Mystery Begins Unit One Unit One Lesson

The Mystery Begins… Unit One

Unit One �Lesson 1. 1 Investigating the Scene �Lesson 1. 2 DNA Analysis �Lesson 1. 3 The Findings

1. 1 Essential Questions �What can be done at a scene of a mysterious death to help reconstruct what happened? �How do the clues found at a scene of a mysterious death help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects? �How do scientists design experiments to find the most accurate answer to the question they are asking? �How are bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene used to help investigators establish the events that took place during a crime?

1. 1 Key Terms Biomedical Science Control Group Dependent Variable Experiment Forensic Science Hypothesis Independent Variable Negative Control Personal Protective Equipment Positive Control

1. 1. 1 A Mysterious Death… It was a hot, 92°F summer morning. The emergency call came in at 9: 45 am. A man contacted the police to report that he was worried about his next door neighbor, a woman named Anna Garcia. He informed the police that he had spoken to Anna the previous morning when he saw her walking her dog around 6: 30 am. He noted that she was wearing a sweater even though they were currently experiencing a heat wave. He decided to call the police this morning because Anna’s dog had been barking excitedly for the last two hours (which is extremely unusual in this normally quiet suburban neighborhood). He tried to call Anna on the telephone, but no one answered. Next he tried ringing her doorbell, but there was no answer. The 911 operator notified the local police and the emergency medical technicians (EMT). Both the police and the EMT arrived at the scene at 9: 56 am. The front door had to be broken down. Upon entering the house, they found Anna lying face down in the entry hallway. It was a comfortable 73˚F inside the house. The EMT determined that Anna was dead. The police immediately notified your team of crime scene investigators as well as the medical examiner, both of whom were dispatched to the house. Has a crime been committed? The mystery begins! It is your job to put together as many pieces of information as you can find. (Don’t worry – the dog was taken to the home of close family friends and is doing just fine. )

1. 1. 1 Course Materials Organization � Three Ring Binder- tabs for each unit, protocols and rubrics, career journals and for community service � Lab book- Notes on minilectures, experiments, activities and projects Date Name of lecture/activity Name of partners/group � USB-Folders for each unit for all assignments within that unit

1. 1. 1 Processing a Crime Scene � New Program! � Very Cool! � Learn with a partner… While you work: Photos & Web Profiles!

1. 1. 2 Examining the Scene �Read the introduction �Get organized! �Search methods… �Examination INVESTIGATE EVERY PART OF THE SCENE

1. 1. 2 Crime Scene Sketch Victim's Stats Age: 38 Weight: 165 Height: 64 Inches Race: Hispanic Sex: Female

1. 1. 3 Career Journals �Persons of Interest

1. 1. 3 Career Journals �Documentation End-of-text In-text (later) �Validates our claims Discuss later in detail �Decreases Plagiarism No cut and paste Grounds for dismissal

1. 1. 3 Career Journals � Career Journals 1. 911 Operator 2. EMT 3. Crime Scene Investigator � Guidelines � Rubric � Example � Wepage

1. 1. 4 The Evidence Work as a Forensic Scientist Process evidence to get answers and identify potential suspects! But… safety first.

1. 1. 4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Healthcare Settings Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials (OSHA) Factors Influencing PPE Selection: Type of exposure anticipated Durability and appropriateness for the task Fit Gloves – protect hands Gowns/aprons – protect skin and/or clothing Masks and respirators– protect mouth/nose Respirators – protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents Goggles – protect eyes Face shields – protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes

PPE for Standard Precautions EXPOSURE 1 EXPOSURE 2 Gloves – Use when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, contaminated items; for touching mucus membranes and non-intact skin Gowns – Use during procedures and patient care activities when contact of clothing/ exposed skin with blood/body fluids, secretions, or excretions is Mask and goggles or a face shield – Use during patient care activities likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions

Gloves: Most Important for US • Keep gloved hands away from face • Avoid touching or adjusting other PPE • Remove gloves if they become torn; perform hand hygiene before donning new gloves • Limit surfaces and items touched • Wash hands immediately after removing PPE. • Use soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub

Activity 1. 1. 4: Unknown Substance �Forensic Chemist Presumptive tests ▪ Type of substance Confirmatory tests ▪ Exact substance �Can we identify the unknown pills next to our victim?

Activity 1. 1. 4: Stations �Follow specific directions for how to perform the analysis at each station. �Fill out the Activity 1. 1. 4 Student Response Sheet as you work through each station. �Revise your theories of what happened to Anna. �Consider all analyzed evidence and what the evidence suggests at this time. � Include any updated theories or information to your Investigative Notes.

Activity 1. 1. 5 Experimental Design Experiment- A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable. Researcher maximizes control over as many aspects of the environment as possible in order to prove that one variable affects another variable. Reliable: An experiment in which another researcher can perform exactly the same experiment and generate similar results. Valid: An experiment in which the results accurately describe the real world.

Holy Grail Experiments that are BOTH: Reliable- Another researcher can perform exactly the same experiment and generate similar results. Valid-Results accurately describe the real world.

Steps of Experimental Design Formulate a hypothesis. Identify the problem. Design the procedure to be used to test the hypothesis. Carry out the experimental procedure. Analyze the data and observations.

Identify the Problem (question) �State the question you are trying to answer Specific Measurable Example Problem: Does Insta. Grow Fertilizer make plants grow larger than plants grown without Insta. Grow Fertilizer?

Formulate a Hypothesis �The hypothesis is a clear prediction of the anticipated results. �If…then… �Indicates the independent and dependent variables in the experiment. Independent Variable: varied or manipulated, presumed cause Dependent Variable: measurable response, not manipulated, presumed effect

Independent Variables (IV) & Dependent Variables (DV) Does ______ cause/affect ______? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Example Problem: Does Insta. Grow Fertilizer make plants grow larger than plants grown without Insta. Grow Fertilizer? Does Insta. Grow Fertilizer cause/affect plant growth? ▪ Independent Variable: Insta. Grow Fertilizer ▪ Dependent Variable: Plant Growth

Example Hypothesis: � If fertilizer affects plant growth in a positive way then… The plants treated with Insta. Grow Fertilizer will grow larger than the plants not treated with fertilizer. � IV: use of the fertilizer � DV: plant growth The prediction of the results is clearly stated The variables are clearly indicated

Design the Procedure �Step-by-step detail for how to perform the experiment Every detail is important Experiment must be replicable �All variables/conditions in an experiment need to be kept exactly the same (control variables) Except the independent variable (IV) Ensures that the IV is the only variable affecting the result

Procedure Safety concerns Materials used Control group Control Variables: Environmental conditions that need to be consistent • Most difficult!!! How data will be collected and recorded How many trials will be performed

Control Group �Experiments need to include a control group �Independent variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the independent variable is applied. �Example: The control group for the fertilizer experiment is the group of plants NOT given the Insta. Grow fertilizer.

Positive and Negative Controls POSITIVE CONTROL NEGATIVE CONTROL Group expected to have a Control groups where positive result Allows the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results conditions produce a negative outcome Identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for

The Importance of a Control Scientist #1: The 10 plants grew an average of 40 inches each. Therefore, Scientist #1 concluded that Insta. Grow Fertilizer makes plants grow larger. LARGER THAN WHAT? ? Scientist #2: The 5 plants given Insta. Grow Fertilizer grew an average of 39 inches each, while the 5 plants NOT given Insta. Grow Fertilizer grew an average of 41 inches each. Therefore, Scientist #2 concluded that Insta. Grow Fertilizer does NOT make plants grow larger.

The Importance of a Control Two scientists wanted to test to determine whether Insta. Grow Fertilizer makes plants grow larger. Scientist #1: Ran the experiment with 10 plants. Planted each plant in the same amount and type of soil. Placed each plant in comparable environments. Gave each plant the same amount of sun each day. Gave each plant the same amount of water each day. Gave each plant the same amount of Insta. Grow Fertilizer. Let grow for 30 days. Scientist #2: Ran the experiment with 10 plants. Planted each plant in the same amount and type of soil. Placed each plant in comparable environments. Gave each plant the same amount of sun each day. Gave each plant the same amount of water each day. Gave 5 plants the same amount of Insta. Grow Fertilizer, while 5 plants received no fertilizer. Let grow for 30 days.

Steps of Experimental Design Formulate a hypothesis. Identify the problem. Design the procedure to be used to test the hypothesis. Carry out the experimental procedure. Analyze the data and observations.

Steps 4 & 5 �Carry out Procedure Follow step-by-step procedure. Collect the data in data tables. Make and record observations. �Analyze data Logically and clearly present all data and observations in the form of graphs and charts. Clearly and concisely analyze all data and observations.

Draw Conclusions �Write a conclusion statement directly related to the original hypothesis For example: “The hypothesis was correct…” �Explain the rationale for the conclusion and clarify any details. �Discuss any possible sources of error. Anything that might have affected the results of the experiment.

Possible Next Steps �Change your hypothesis. �Re-design the procedure because of design flaws. �Develop new questions based on the work in this experiment. �Move on to a new or related research topic. �Why do some types of fertilizer work better than others…?

Time of Death �Why is it important (Brainstorm) Temperature & Body Cooling Partners & Assigned Temperatures:

Activity 1. 1. 5 Time of Death � Approximate time of death: 11: 00 am – 4 hrs = 7: 00 am

Activity 1. 1. 6 Blood Splatter �Blood is powerful evidence! �What can blood can tell us? �What can blood splatter tell us?

Brainstorm…

Activity 1. 1. 6 Blood Splatter �How can we determine if the blood at the crime scene was the result of an accident or foulplay �Determine if blood at the scene was dropped from Anna’s height (indicating that she might have been struck) or from a lower height (indicating that she may have been hit while down or on her way down). �Design an experiment to provide evidence for the case

Activity 1. 1. 6 Blood Splatter �Determine if blood at the scene Dropped from Anna’s height Indicates… Dropped from a lower height Indicates… �Design an experiment to provide evidence for the case

Our Evidence Board

Our Evidence Board AM CLASS PM CLASS

Review 1. 1: Essential Questions & Key Terms What can be done at a scene of a mysterious death to help reconstruct what happened? How do the clues found at a scene of a mysterious death help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects? How do scientists design experiments to find the most accurate answer to the question they are asking? How are bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene used to help investigators establish the events that took place during a crime? � Biomedical Science � Control Group � Dependent Variable � Experiment � Forensic Science � Hypothesis � Independent Variable � Negative Control � Personal Protective Equipment � Positive Control

Unit One �Lesson 1. 1 Investigating the Scene �Lesson 1. 2 DNA Analysis �Lesson 1. 3 The Findings

1. 2 Essential Questions �What is DNA? �How do scientists isolate DNA in order to study it? �How does DNA differ from person to person? �How can tools of molecular biology be used to compare the DNA of two individuals? �What are restriction enzymes? �What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms? �What is gel electrophoresis and how can the results of this technique be interpreted?

1. 2 Key Terms Adenine Chromosome Cytosine Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Gel Electrophoresis Gene Guanine Helix Model Nucleotide Restriction Enzyme Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Thymine

1. 2 Forensic DNA Analysis SFU Museum The Real Fugitive How can blood ID a suspect or victim?

1. 2 Forensic DNA Analysis Genetic evidence is obtained The DNA is EXTRACTED The DNA is amplified by PCR Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES 5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP 1. 2. 3. 4.

Activity 1. 2. 1 What is DNA? �Deoxyribonucleic Acid �Hereditary material �Nucleotides Sugar molecule Phosphate group Nitrogenous base ▪ A, T, C & G ▪ Sequence determines traits ▪ Form double helix

Discovery Changed the World! Inheritance Disease Paternity Drugs/Medicine Crime Evolution

Activity 1. 2. 1 Take a pic when you’re finished!

1. 2 Forensic DNA Analysis 1. 2. Genetic evidence is obtained (blood, saliva, hair) The DNA is EXTRACTED The DNA is amplified by PCR Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES 5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP 3. 4.

Activity 1. 2. 2: DNA Extraction � How do scientists isolate DNA in order to study it? � If all the DNA in our body was linked end-to-end, how long would the molecule be? � Must EXTRACT the DNA from chromosomes and separate it from other materials inside cells

Activity 1. 2. 2 DNA Extraction �We are going to extract DNA today! �Follow directions CLOSELY- STEP BY STEP

Activity 1. 2. 2

Activity 1. 2. 2

Activity 1. 2. 2 Why does extraction work? �Cell lysis buffer- Lyse cell membranes Detergent- Break apart lipids and proteins Salt- Increase solute concentration OUTSIDE of the cell Baking soda- Sodium bicarbonate controls p. H- it’s a “buffer” �Ethanol- Less polar than water Adding ethanol to solution disrupts the charges by water If enough ethanol is added, the electrical attraction between phosphate groups and any positive ions present in solution becomes strong enough to form stable ionic bonds and DNA precipitation

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA Analysis Genetic evidence is obtained (blood, saliva, hair) 2. The DNA is EXTRACTED 1. 3. The DNA is amplified by PCR Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES 5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP 4.

Activity 1. 2. 3 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) � Amplifies the number of copies of a specific region of DNA, in order to produce enough DNA to be adequately tested � Named after the enzyme, polymerase, which copies DNA in cells � Completed in a thermal cycler. � Used for: Medicalandbiologicalresearch Cloning Diagnosisofhereditarydiseases Identificationoffingerprints Forensic sciences Paternitytesting Diagnosisofinfectiousdiseases

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA Analysis Genetic evidence is obtained (blood, saliva, hair) 2. The DNA is EXTRACTED (we’ve done this) 3. The DNA is amplified by PCR 1. 4. 5. Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Activity 1. 2. 3 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs) � With enough DNA…detection is possible �Restriction Enzymes: Molecular scissors that cut DNA in specific location based on the code (A, T, C, G) �Differences and similarities are exposed when they are cut in the same place

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Genetic evidence is obtained The DNA is EXTRACTED The DNA is amplified by PCR Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS The DNA evidence can be matched to a

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA electrophoresis �Visulaize the DNA fragments and sort them according to size �DNA samples are loaded into a gel and exposed to electrical currents �The DNA fragments are then stained with a dye and can be observed as lines or bands in the gel

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA electrophoresis

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Genetic evidence is obtained The DNA is EXTRACTED The DNA is amplified by PCR Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS The DNA evidence can be matched to a

Activity 1. 2. 3 Why does it work? Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES 5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 4. 6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP

A B Restriction Enzymes Length Polymorphism = Difference in length of fragments Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) http: //users. rcn. com/jkimball. ma. ultranet/Bi ology. Pages/R/RFLPs. html. B A

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA Analysis �We are going to go through these steps using evidence from our crime scene… �Can we find our suspect? Good luck!

Activity 1. 2. 3 DNA Analysis �Finish with a career journal on a DNA Analyst

Review 1. 2: Essential Questions & Key Terms What is DNA? How do scientists isolate DNA in order to study it? How does DNA differ from person to person? How can tools of molecular biology be used to compare the DNA of two individuals? What are restriction enzymes? What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms? What is gel electrophoresis and how can the results of this technique be interpreted? � � � � Adenine Chromosome Cytosine Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Gel Electrophoresis Gene Guanine Helix Model Nucleotide Restriction Enzyme Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Thymine

Unit One �Lesson 1. 1 Investigating the Scene �Lesson 1. 2 DNA Analysis �Lesson 1. 3 The Findings

1. 3 Essential Questions �What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death? �How can the manner of death be determined? �Why is confidentiality of patient information important? �Who should keep patient information confidential? �Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken? �What biomedical science professionals are involved in crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death?

1. 3 Key Terms Autopsy Bibliography Citation Documentation Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Medical Examiner

1. 3 The Findings Based on what we know thus far, what are some possible causes for the death of the woman? Brainstorm with evidence board

Activity 1. 3. 1: The Autopsy Watch Dr. G: Tools of the Trade Do an autopsy online http: //australianmuseu m. net. au/interactivetools/autopsy Complete 1. 3. 1

Activity 1. 3. 1: The Autopsy Organs are classified into systems (brainstorm!) Problems with one body system can have serious effects on others (brainstorm!) To diagnose a problem or determining cause of death many pieces of information must often be linked together before a conclusion can be reached

Activity 1. 3. 1 Human Body Systems

Activity 1. 3. 2 Confidentiality HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 1996 - standards for health care related electronic transactions mandates federal privacy protections for certain individually identifiable health information

Activity 1. 3. 2 Maintaining Confidentiality Professionals Must… Take all precautions necessary Not to speak about patients with any identifiable information with anyone other than other professionals working with the patient Not leave patient in public space unattended Avoid being overheard and limit shared information � Professionals May… Disclose PHI to a family member or other person involved when the individual is present during the disclosure Communicate with patients regarding their health care, including through the mail or by the phone Leave messages with family members, on voice mail, etc. with patient consent �

Activity 1. 3. 2 HIPAA Privacy Rule �Regulates how medical professionals and other people use and disclose certain individually identifiable health information (protected health information- PHI) Name, address, birth date, social security number, Past, present, future physical/mental health Health care services provided to the individual Past, present, or future payment

Activity 1. 3. 2 When PHI Can Be Shared 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Payment of benefits or health coverage Public health Workman’s Comp Legal proceedings Law enforcement Unable to make medical decisions Disaster relief Assisting coroners or medical examiners

Activity 1. 3. 3 Was it a crime? Formal Case Report (I’ll give you a template) Introduction Summary of Findings Conclusion At least two figures: ▪ Inspiration ▪ Table ▪ Graph Careers Journals Medical Examiner Toxicologist Morgue Assistant

Review 1. 3: Essential Questions & Key Terms What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death? 2. How can the manner of death be determined? 3. Why is confidentiality of patient information important? 4. Who should keep patient information confidential? 5. Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken? 6. What biomedical science professionals are involved in crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death? 1. �Autopsy �Bibliography �Citation �Documentation �Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) �Medical Examiner

End of Unit 1 Study Guide Not for credit Just for you � Portfolio Table of contents Check carefully Complete � Exam Multiple choice (15%) Short answer (30%) Practical (30%) Essay (25%) �