The Muslim Empires Introduction Three major Muslim dynasties
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The Muslim Empires
Introduction Three major Muslim dynasties • Ottoman • Safavid • Mughal
The Ottomans • • 13 th-14 th centuries Eastern Mediterranean Based in Anatolia 1453 Mehmed II takes Constantinople – Empire spread through the Balkans into Hungary • Naval power was their military might • Seize Austrian Habsburg dynasty • Major force in European politics until 19 th century
The Ottomans I. • • • A State Geared to Warfare Economy based on military and expansion Warriors become nobility Janissary infantry – Most Janissaries forced into service - slaves – Most Christians – Become politically influential
The Ottomans II. The Sultans & Their Court • Sultans = absolute monarchs – Used factions (warrior elites) against each other to maintain power • Commerce in the hands of dhimmi (people of the book) • Bureaucratic administration carried out by Grand Vizier – More power than sultan • No clear rules of succession = hostility among rival heirs
The Ottomans III. Constantinople Restored & Ottoman Culture • Culture varied across empire – Influenced by Africa, Europe, & Asia • Constantinople (now Istanbul) becomes Ottoman capital and restored to its ancient glory – Aqueducts built, markets reopened, & defenses repaired • Hagia Sophia converted into a mosque • Suleymaniye mosque built by Suleyman the Magnificent, 16 th Century
The Ottomans • Constantinople is the commercial center • Government regulates trade & crafts – Artisan guilds • Early Ottomans used Persian & Arabic for language in law and religion, but Turkish becomes prevalent in 17 th century
The Ottomans IV. The Problem of Ottoman Decline • Empire too big • Insufficient infrastructure • As conquest declines, lands lost to Christian & rival Muslim kingdoms • Succession issues continue
The Ottomans V. Military Reverses and the Ottoman retreat • Ottomans fall behind European rivals in scientific, technological, & commercial transformations • Janissaries block military change and technology • Navy defeated in Battle of Lepanto by Spanish & Venetian fleets – Lose control of eastern Mediterranean • Portuguese beat Muslim navies in Indian Ocean • Inflation occurs due to New World bullion & loss of trade
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • The Safavid dynasty was established in the 14 th century. • Sunni Ottomans and Shi’a Safavids rivals A. Safavid Family • Sufi preachers – Sail al-Din (leader) led a campaign to purify and reform Islam – Red Heads (followers) grew large in numbers • Isma^’l becomes shah (king) in 1501
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • 1514 Ottomans defeat Safavids in Chaldiran • This put an end to Isma^’il’s westward expansion • Shi’as become mostly concentrated in Persia
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids I. Politics and War Under the Safavid Shahs • Tahmasp I becomes shah – Attempts to restore the dynasty’s power – Foils Turkic chiefs to assume power • Abbas I – “Abbas the Great” – Dynasty reached the height of its strength and prosperity – Persians become bureaucrats – Used captured Russians as “slave” regiments
Abbas the Great
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids II. State & Religion • Adopt Persian language and customs after Chaldiran • Shahs claim to descend from one of the Shi’a imams (successor of Ali) • Mullahs – Local mosque officials and prayer leaders – Teachings/prayer were planned and directed by state religious officials
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • Sunni Muslims, Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and followers of Sufi preachers pressured to convert
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III. Elite Affluence & Artistic Splendor • Abbas I established the empire as a major center of international trade and Islamic culture • Isfanhan – capital of Safavid empire – glorious mosques & royal tombs built there
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids IV. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons • Both had much in common – Dominated by warrior aristocrats • Shared power with absolutist monarchs • Move to rural estates after conquests – Focus on trade & production – Women lose freedom and become subordinate • Veiling and seclusion • Some women had influence on rulers • Had some rights via Quran
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids V. The Demise of the Safavid Empire • Rapid decline after Abbas I died – Grandson becomes shah • Manipulated by state officials • Factional disputes and rebellions cause internal weakness • Invasions by nomadic raiders, Ottoman & Mughal armies
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • Afghani tribes besiege Isfahan in 1722 and the Safavid power ends • Nadir Khan Afshar restores Safavid dynasty in 1736 – Short lived dynasty – Less territory
The Mughals • Mughal – Formed in 16 th century – Ruled by Babar – Strong military – Conquests not launched due to religion
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