The Musculoskeletal System 22 nd January 2020 Function

Function? Structure and support for locomotion Protection of vital organs Store for calcium, phosphate

MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Manubrium How many bones in the human body? Xiphoid process Ilium Pubis Scaphoid Ischium

• Fractures Strains and • Sprains • Dislocations MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY

$Bone Healing Primary bone healing: • Mechanism to repair subclinical microfractures • Direct bone$

Bone Healing Secondary bone healing: • Structural integrity of the bone is compromised Inflammation

Bone Healing MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Fixation MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Types of Fractures MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Fractures Signs and Symptoms • Swelling • Loss of function • Irregularities • Pain

Factures When to call 999? Treat for shock! • Signs of shock • Open

Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments • Allow movement and maintain posture • Skeletal - Somatic

Strains and Sprains Signs and Symptoms • Pain Safety • Tenderness Net! • Swelling

Joints • • Where two bones meet. Fibrous joints are fused and immovable. Cartilaginous

Synovial Joints • Joint is surrounded by a capsule. • The synovial lining produces

Types of Synovial Joints MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Dislocation A joint injury where the bone is pulled partially or completely out of

CARDIOVASCULAR | 6 TH NOVEMBER 2019 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Feedback! What did you learn and what did you enjoy? CARDIOVASCULAR | 6 TH

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The Musculoskeletal System 22 nd January 2020

Function? Structure and support for locomotion Protection of vital organs Store for calcium, phosphate and magnesium Bone Anatomy Cortical Bone • Compact bone • Dense • Forms shell around trabecular bone • 80% of the adult skeleton Osteoblasts Form Trabecular Bone • Cancellous or spongey bone • Porous • Encloses the bone marrow Osteocytes Metabolise MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB Osteoclasts Resorb

MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Manubrium How many bones in the human body? Xiphoid process Ilium Pubis Scaphoid Ischium MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

• Fractures Strains and • Sprains • Dislocations MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

$Bone Healing Primary bone healing: • Mechanism to repair subclinical microfractures • Direct bone$

Bone Healing Primary bone healing: • Mechanism to repair subclinical microfractures • Direct bone healing • Structural integrity of the bone is maintained MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Bone Healing Secondary bone healing: • Structural integrity of the bone is compromised Inflammation Soft Callus MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB Hard Callus Remodelling

Bone Healing MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Fixation MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Types of Fractures MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Fractures Signs and Symptoms • Swelling • Loss of function • Irregularities • Pain • Deformity • Unnatural movement • Crepitus • Tenderness • Bruising MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB Treatment • Keep the casualty still – support the joint above and below the suspected fracture. • Place padding around the suspected fracture for support. • Arrange hospital transport. • For further support – immobilises using slings – always tie the knot on the uninjured side!

Factures When to call 999? Treat for shock! • Signs of shock • Open fracture with considerable blood loss • Long bone or pelvic fracture • You cannot feel distal pulses Don’t let the casualty eat or drink. MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments • Allow movement and maintain posture • Skeletal - Somatic nervous system and reflexes • Smooth and cardiac – Autonomic nervous system • As one muscle group contracts, the opposite group relaxes MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Strains and Sprains Signs and Symptoms • Pain Safety • Tenderness Net! • Swelling • Bruising • Difficulty in moving • • RICE! MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB Treatment Help the casualty to sit or lie down. Cool the area with a cold compress – not directly on the skin. Apply a comfortable support – to the joint above and below. Support the injury in a raised position – check circulation beyond the bandage.

MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Joints • • Where two bones meet. Fibrous joints are fused and immovable. Cartilaginous joints are stiff but have some movement. Synovial joints have free movement. MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Synovial Joints • Joint is surrounded by a capsule. • The synovial lining produces fluid to lubricate the joint. • The articular cartilage is smooth – affected in osteoarthritis. MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Types of Synovial Joints MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Dislocation A joint injury where the bone is pulled partially or completely out of it’s normal position. Dislocations can damage nearby nerves and blood vessels or even fracture bones. Treatment Signs and Symptoms • Advise the casualty to • Severe “sickening” pain. keep still. • Inability to move the • Pad around and joint. immobilise the injured • Swelling and bruising area – make the casualty around the joint. comfortable. • Shortening, deformity or • Arrange hospital unnatural positioning of transport. the joint. • Check distal pulses. Do not replace the bone into it’s socket, no food or drink and remove distal jewellery in case of swelling. MUSCULOSKELETAL | 22 nd JANUARY 2020 | KATIE BAKER TSB

CARDIOVASCULAR | 6 TH NOVEMBER 2019 | KATIE BAKER TSB

Feedback! What did you learn and what did you enjoy? CARDIOVASCULAR | 6 TH NOVEMBER 2019 | KATIE BAKER TSB What could be improved and what would you like to cover next?

CARDIOVASCULAR | 6 TH NOVEMBER 2019 | KATIE BAKER TSB