The Mongols n Atlas The Mongol Empire Spans

The Mongols

n Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia”

Graphic Novel “Divine Wind”: n Surmise what might have happened if a typhoon had not struck when it did. n Would the Japanese have been able to protect their island from the invaders without the Divine Wind? n. Rewrite and illustrate the end of this graphic novel to reflect your opinions. (Comic book ending).

n Read the background essay on the Mongols together. n Write: n 1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each other. n 2. Write a brief sentence describing the main idea for each paragraph. n 3. Combine to make a one paragraph summary of the Mongols background essay. n 4. Individually, use these sentences to make an introductory paragraph. Don’t forget thesis statement!

n. Group 1 – Doc. 1 & 2 n. Group 2 – Doc. 3 & 4 n. Group 3 – Doc. 5 & 6 n. Group 4 – Doc. 7 & 8 n. Group 5 – Doc. 9 & 10 n Every Group needs to record information about the document and decide as a group if it proves that they are barbaric or civilized.

Document Analysis – answer the following questions for each document. n 1. What is the document? n 2. What is the source of the document? n 3. Does the document support the idea that the Mongols were barbaric or not? Could it be used to support both views?

n n n n I. Introduction a. Thesis statement 1. The Mongols were barbarians. 2. Although they employed brutal tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized. II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. IV. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. V. Conclusion – summary of essay with mention of a fact or two. n Do Not Use First Person!!! (I think, I believe, I will show you …)

Essay Structure (Pretend you are a lawyer in a court case) n I. Introduction (includes thesis statement) This is your opening argument, “they are guilty/Innocent” n II. Body paragraph (cite some documents) n IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents) n V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few facts. This is your “closing argument”

The Mongols Overview

The End of the Golden Age of China n Despite the wealth & culture during under the Tang & Song Dynasties, the Chinese were briefly overthrown by the Mongols. From 1279 to 1368, foreign nomads called the Mongols ruled China

Who were the Mongols? The Mongols were among the numerous nomadic tribes who lived in Central Asia

Who were the Mongols? The Mongols lived in the harsh climate of the Eurasian steppe, an area with little rain & extreme temperatures Mongol life centered on herding animals, especially horses Mongols lived as nomadic clans, constantly searching for better pasture lands

As a result of their lifestyle, the Mongols were tough Who were the Mongols? warriors who occasionally raided nearby settlements From 1200 to 1206, a clan leader named Genghis Khan unified the Mongols Genghis Khan built a powerful Mongol army & began a 21 -year conquest of Eurasia

Russia Under Genghis & later khans, the Mongols conquered… Central Asia the Islamic Empire China Korea

How did the Mongols create this massive empire? Mongol soldiers were excellent horsemen; Used the horse saddle to shoot arrows while riding

How did the Mongols create this massive empire? If an enemy refused As the Mongol reputation to surrender, Genghis spread, many towns Genghis was a brilliant military would order the death surrendered to Genghis organizer & strategist, but his of the entire population without a fight& fear greatest tactic was terror

“In the countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear there too. ” (Arab historian)

The Impact of the Mongol Empire The Mongols were Mongol khans (rulers) often merciless in battle, adopted parts of the culture of but tolerant as rulers the people they conquered In the East, Mongols embraced Chinese culture In the West, Mongols converted to Islam

Chinese. Impact technologies The of the Mongol Empire like gunpowder & But diseases like theto Mongol khans The era from the mid-1200 s the magnetic compass plague (Black Death) brought stability & the mid-1300 s is called the reached Europe. Peace”) too order to Eurasia Pax Mongolica (“Mongol During the Pax Mongolica, the Mongols guaranteed safe passage across the Silk Road As a result, trade & cultural diffusion increased between Europe & Asia

After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis The Mongol destruction of Kiev increased the importance of Moscow in Russia The khanate in Persia helped control the Silk Road The Mongols were the first non-Muslims to rule over the Islamic Empire

After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis But the most significant khanate was the Mongol rule over China In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan became the first foreign leader to rule China

Kublai enjoyed Chinese Kublai Khan began a Kublai Khan culture so much that he new era in China called moved the Mongolian the Yuan Dynasty capital to China But, he excluded the Chinese from serving in high gov’t offices & relied on foreigners to serve in his government

Kublai proved to be a good emperor for China Under Kublai, foreign trade with China increased due to the Pax Mongolica He built roads & extended the Grand Canal to help improve transportation in China

In 1275, a European Marco. Kublai Polowas so impressed merchant named with Marco Polo that he Marco Polo visited employed him in the Kublai Khan’s court Yuan gov’t for 17 years When Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1792, his stories of China increased European demand for Asian trade

By the time of Kublai’s death in 1294, the In 1480, under Ivan. Empire III Russia gained entire Mongol was growing weak independence from Mongol rule & started the Romanov Dynasty In 1370, the Mongols lost control of Central Asia In 1330, the Mongols lost control of Persia In 1368, the Chinese overthrew the Mongols & started the Ming Dynasty

In 1368, the Chinese overthrew the Mongols & established the Ming Dynasty The Ming emperors encourage overseas trade…

Mongols This is another overview from another source Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration 29

Nomadic Economy and Society Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture n Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding n – Food – Clothing – Shelter (yurts) Migratory patterns to follow pastureland n Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry n 30

Nomads in Turkmenistan 31

Nomadic Economy n Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoples n Nomads engage in long-distance travel – Caravan routes 32

Nomadic Society Governance basically clan-based n Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority n Unusually fluid status for nobility n – Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence – Advancement for meritorious non-nobles 33

Nomadic Religion Shamans center of pagan worship n Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE n Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings n Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence n 34

Military Organization n Large confederations under a khan n Authority extended through tribal elders n Exceptionally strong cavalries – Mobility – Speed 35

Chinggis Khan (1167 -1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire n n n Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy, different spelling based on translations): “Universal Ruler” 36

Mongol Political Organization n Broke up tribal organization n Formed military units from men of different tribes n Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty n Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum 37

Mongol Arms n Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) – Army c. 100 -125, 000 n Strengths: – Cavalry – Short bows – Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight 38

Mongol Conquests n Conquest of China by 1220 n Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia – emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler n Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions – Large-scale, long-term devastation 39

The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan 40

Khubilai Khan (r. 1264 -1294) n n n Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant – Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java n Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”) n n 41

The Golden Horde n Conquest of Russia, 1237 -1241 – Established tributary relationship to 15 th century – Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century n Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany 42

The Ilkhanate of Persia n Abbasid empire toppled n Baghdad sacked, 1258 – 200, 000 massacred n Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces 43

Mongol Rule in Persia n Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies – Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century n Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues – Left matters of governance to bureaucracy n Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle 44

Mongol Rule in China n Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese – Intermarriage forbidden – Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language n Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) n Yet tolerated religious freedoms 45

The Mongols and Buddhism n Shamanism remains popular n Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols – Large element of magic, similar to shamanism – Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha 46

The Mongols and Western Integration n Experience with long-distance trade – Protection of traveling merchants – Volume of trade across central Asia increases n Diplomatic missions protected n Missionary activity increases n Mongol resettlement policies 47

Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry n Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290 s n – Failure, forced to rescind Factional fighting n Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses n 48

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China n n n Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320 s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330 -1340 s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion 49

Surviving Mongol Khanates n Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia – Continued threat to China n Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid- 16 th century – Continued threat to Russia 50

Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 13361405) n Turkish conqueror Timur – Timur the Lame: Tamerlane n United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai n Major military campaigns – Built capital in Samarkand – Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440 s 51

Tamerlane's empire about 1405 C. E. 52

Tamerlane’s Heirs n Poor organization of governing structure n Power struggles divide empire into four n Yet heavily influenced several empires: – Mughal – Safavid – Ottoman 53