The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 The Monarchs

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

The Monarchs of Europe The Power of Spain Preview • Starting Points Map: Monarchs of Europe • Main Idea / Reading Focus • The King Becomes Emperor • Artistic Achievements • Spain under Philip II Section 1

The Monarchs of Europe Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Section 1

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 The Power of Spain Main Idea Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500 s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600 s. Reading Focus • What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V? • What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age? • How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe The Age of Absolutism Section 1: Spanish Power Grows Witness History Audio: A Working Monarch Charles V Inherits Two Crowns Charles V was king of Spain and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. He became embroiled in wars with the Ottoman empire as it advanced on central Europe and also in religious conflicts with the Protestants in the German states. He abdicated both thrones and split them between his brother, Ferdinand, and son, Philip. Geography Interactive: The Wars of Philip II, 1571 -1588 1 of 6

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 The King Becomes Emperor Kingly Trait Imposing Their Will • 1516, teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain • Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right • Inexperienced, but had one kingly trait—as member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule as absolute monarch • Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged • Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives • 1500 through 1700 s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond • In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Charles V and the Empire When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas. Emperor Charles V Enemies Everywhere • 1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant • Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes • Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • Ruling vast territories not easy task for Charles • Faced enemies on all sides— Ottoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes • Also fought for religious control over Europe • Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic • Growing Protestant movement threatened influence – Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states – So vast ‘the sun never set” over it

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Confrontation • 1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly • In spite of Charles’ efforts, Protestants gained influence • Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread • After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg Peace • Agreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant • Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality • Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy

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The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Success in Americas Charles V more successful in Americas than in Europe • During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain • Among explorers King Charles supported – Hernán Cortés, who conquered Aztec empire – Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region • Silver and gold flowed from American colonies • Brought Spain fabulous wealth

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe Dividing the Empire Relinquished Thrones • Frustrated by failures in Europe • 1556, Charles V gave up thrones • Decided to divide large empire • Split between his brother and his son Imposing Their Will • Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria • Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies • Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled

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The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Draw Conclusions In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful? Answer(s): successful—exploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessful—did not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe The Age of Absolutism Section 1: Spanish Power Grows Spain’s Golden Age Philip II was a patron of the arts and a supporter of education. During his rule, Spanish painters and writers reached great heights. Color Transparency 97: Spanish Tapestry Quick. Take Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 6

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe Artistic Achievements • From 1550 to 1650, Spanish golden age of artistic achievement • Became known as the Golden Century Art • One of most prominent painters, Greek Domenicos Theotocopoulos • Became known as El Greco; style famous for elongated figures • Much work religious, reflected Spain’s central role in Counter. Reformation Court Painter • Another Spanish painter, Diego Velázquez • Created masterpieces portraying people of all social classes with great dignity • Velázquez had privilege of being the court painter

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe Literature Writers Cervantes • Spanish golden age also produced fine writers • Most famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha • Greatest was Miguel de Cervantes • About man caught between medieval, modern worlds Colonial Writers Church Criticism • Writers in Spain’s colonies produced works of merit • Church officials criticized Sister Juana for some of her ideas • Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, plays • She believed women had right to education

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The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Summarize What were some achievements of Spain’s Golden Century? Answer(s): paintings by El Greco and Velásquez, writings by Miguel de Cervantes and Juana Ines de la Cruz

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe The Age of Absolutism Section 1: Spanish Power Grows Philip II Solidifies Power As ruler of Spain, Philip II was an absolute monarch. He tried to quell the Protestant movement using the Inquisition. He continued the fight against the Ottoman empire, and won the Battle of Lepanto against them in 1571. He launched the Spanish armada against England in retribution for attacks on Spanish treasure ships. England’s defeat of the armada marked the beginning of Spain’s decline. Note Taking Transparency 115 2 of 6

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe Spain under Philip II • Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II • One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas • With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems Religion and Revolt • King Philip II devout Catholic • Saw himself as leader of Counter. Reformation • Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism in Territories • Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith • Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories Revolt in the Low Countries • Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces • 1560 s, bloody revolt began

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The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Dutch Revolt Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip • To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba • Alba set up court – Known locally as Court of Blood – Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels – Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew • Revolt dragged on for decades • 1609, truce reached • Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands • Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands

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The Monarchs of Europe Section 1 Spain and English Aid to Dutch • Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England • As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels • England’s assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip Attacks on Spanish Ships • Philip also worried about English attacks on his ships • England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England Invasion Planned • King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church • Decided to invade England

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe Philip’s Armada • Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada • Totaled about 130 ships, 20, 000 soldiers, sailors • 1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel • Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack Naval Battles Armada Not Invincible • Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion • English aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada • Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands • Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray • Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet • As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

The Monarchs of Europe Section 1

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe An Empire in Decline • The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss. • But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated. Internal Problems Americans Join the Battle Spain’s real problems internal Philip’s government centralized He trusted no one Court riddled by factions, suspicion • Government action practically came to standstill • Philip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare • Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times • Prices driven up, inflation • Spain did not develop industries • • Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.

Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe Recall What were two events that caused problems for Spain? Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada

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Section 1 The Monarchs of Europe Video The Impact of Spain’s Golden Century Click above to play the video.