The Middle East 1945 Present ArabIsraeli Conflict ArabIsraeli
The Middle East 1945 -Present
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Arab-Israeli Conflict: History • Palestine ▫ Great Britain managed Palestine as a mandate after WWI ▫ Balfour Declaration of 1917—the Foreign Secretary promised the Jews a homeland in Palestine �In part a reaction to Zionist activity �Supported by the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 ▫ British government limited the number of Jews who could emigrate to Palestine and promised Arabs that their rights would be protected—a very delicate balancing act
Arab-Israeli Conflict: After WWII • United Nations took over control of Palestine in 1947, and wanted to create 2 states • 1948: Israelis announced the state of Israel ▫ War started the next day as Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Iraq invaded Israel ▫ Effects of war: �Arab state not created �Big refugee problem �Jordan occupied West Bank and Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip
Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1948 War
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Series of Wars after independence • Series of wars between Israel and Arab countries ▫ 1956: Israel attacks Egypt with Britain and France (Suez Crisis) ▫ 1967: Six-Day War— �Israel attacks Egypt, Syria, and Jordan because they were planning to attack Israel �Reason for conflict: Egypt invaded the Sinai and tried to close off Israeli trade routes �Israel occupies the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and the West Bank �The last 2 areas had lots of Palestinians living there
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Six-Day War, 1967
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Six-Day War, 1967
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Six-Day War, 1967
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Series of Wars Continue • Series of wars between Israel and Arab countries ▫ 1973: Yom Kippur War--Egypt and Syria attack Israel to regain land lost in 1967 �U. S. supported needed to win
Arab-Israeli War: 1973 Cease-Fire Lines
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Palestinians Organize • Formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964 ▫ Goal: destroy Israel and take over their land as a Palestinian state �Guerrilla group is called al Fatah • Yasser Arafat took leadership in 1969 ▫ Attacked Israel from Jordan and then from Lebanon
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Intifada • Intifada means “uprising” or “rebellion” • Cause: Palestinians upset that Israelis were creating settlements in the areas that Israel occupied in the 1967 Six-Day War ▫ West Bank ▫ Golan Heights • 1987: First Intifada, a mass movement in which Palestinians protest Israeli control of Gaza Strip, and other territories through: ▫ Protests, boycotts, strikes, riots, attacks on Israeli soldiers ▫ It continued for years
Israeli Settlements
Intifada
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Oslo Accords • 1993—peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Authority ▫ Yasser Arafat—PLO Leader ▫ Yitzhak Rabin—Israeli Prime Minister ▫ Goals: �End the violence �Enable Palestinians to govern the West Bank and Gaza ▫ Although the agreement was signed, extremists made it impossible for the planned peace to happen
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Intifada • Second Intifada began in 2000 ▫ Palestinian security forces fought along with the Palestinians ▫ Hamas—suicide bombings in Israel ▫ Israel—troops in West Bank and Gaza ▫ 2004—Yasser Arafat died, Mahmoud Abbas replaced him �Sharon withdrew Israel from West Bank and Gaza ▫ 2006—Hamas controlled Palestinian Parliament �Israel attacked Gaza and southern Lebanon
Egypt
Egypt • Under Gamel Abdel Nasser, who took power in the 1950 s, Egypt played the superpowers and avoided being controlled by either ▫ Saw the interests of the U. S. and the USSR in the Middle East as imperialist ▫ Wanted to get rid of Israel ▫ Used the Suez Canal as a bargaining chip by nationalizing it
Egypt • Suez Crisis, 1956 ▫ Nasser nationalized the dam (took it from the British and the French) ▫ British, French, and Israeli forces responded militarily, but it was a diplomatic disaster �U. S. opposed and told them to get out �This hurt the Allies because they were in disagreement �Soviets were also opposed to the taking of the canal
Egypt • Camp David Accords, 1978 ▫ Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel agreed to a peace treaty �Egypt was the first Arab country to recognize Israel �Peace was maintained for 30 years, but it is shaky today
Iran and Iraq
Iran and Iraq • The Shah (monarch) Pahlavi of Iran had been supported by western countries ▫ Iran became more industrialized ▫ Many felt threatened by these changes • Revolution in 1979 ousted the shah ▫ Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the leader of Iran and began a theocracy • Hostage crisis ▫ Iranians took the U. S. embassy in Tehran and kept 66 American hostages for over a year
Iran and Iraq • Iran-Iraq War in 1980 ▫ Iraq invaded Iran �Cause: disagreements over borders and Khomeini supported revolution over Iraq (Shiites) �Brutal war �Iraq, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, used chemical weapons on Iranians and Iraqi Kurds ▫ Ended in 1988
Iran and Iraq • First Persian Gulf War, 1990 ▫ Hussein took over Kuwait �United Nations passed economic sanctions �U. S. -led coalition invaded Iraq and freed Kuwait • Second Persian Gulf War, 2003 ▫ After September 11, 2001, the UN increased pressure on Hussein to allow weapons inspections �Hussein refused �U. S. -led coalition invaded Iraq �Hussein thrown out of power and executed by the Iraqi government ▫ U. S. withdrew all its troops by 2008
Growth of Terrorism
Growth of Terrorism: Background • Definition: “unlawful use or threat of violence to cause fear and to advance political, religious, or ideological goals” (Ramirez 602). • Not a new tactic, but an increase in Middle East terrorism ▫ Terrorism is not supported by Islamic law ▫ Reasons: some groups want to see the destruction of Israel and others want to limit Western power in the Middle East • September 11 th was a turning point
Growth of Terrorism: Groups • Hezbollah ▫ Lebanon ▫ Formed after 1982 conflict with Israel ▫ Goal: destruction of Israel • Hamas ▫ Egypt and Israel ▫ Developed from the Muslim Brotherhood, formed in 1987 • al Qaeda ▫ Formed in 1988 ▫ Responsible for the September 11 th attacks on the World Trade Center • ISIL ▫ Formed in 1999 ▫ Currently trying to form its own nation in Syria and Iraq
Growth of Terrorism: Afghanistan • 1996: Taliban gained control of the country • 2001: U. S. invaded Afghanistan to defeat the Taliban, who had supported al Qaeda ▫ al Qaeda was formed in 1998 by Osama bin-Laden
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