The Middle Ages The Medieval Period The Middle

The Middle Ages (The Medieval Period)

The Middle Ages 600 500 800 700 1000 900 1400 1200 1100 Label: The Early Middle Ages The High Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages 1300 1500

Europe-Eastern • Eastern Roman Empire (330 -1453) – Justinian-Emperor • 527 -565 • Wanted to restore the Roman Empire Map pg 304 • Most important contribution was the codification of Roman law – The Body of Civil Law – Grew smaller in the 7 th century because of invasions by Muslims and Bulgars – Began calling it the Byzantine Empire in the 8 th century

Europe-Western & Eastern • Eastern Roman Empire – Constantinople-capital city • The city was the chief center for the exchange of products between West and East • Building program of Justinian’s during the 6 th century – Palace – Churches » Hagia Sophia » Hippodrome-track for horse and chariot races

Europe-Western • Western Roman Empire – Fall of Rome 476 AD – New Germanic Kingdoms, 500 (Map pg 286) • Franks-the one that proved to be long-lasting – Leader was Clovis who was the 1 st Germanic leader to convert to Christianity • New Society of Germans & Romans – Wergild – ordeal

Europe-Western • Western Roman Empire – Role of the Church Bishop of Rome (Pope) Bishopric • Organization – Papal Power Grew • Gregory I (590 -604) – Served as leader of Rome and surrounding territories – Increased spiritual authority over the Church through the Monastic movement Parish/ Priest

Europe-Western • Western Roman Empire – The Monastic Movement • Came to be seen as the ideal Christian society – Dedication to God – Good they did for society » Provided schools » Hospitality for travelers » Hospitals » Taught trade & agriculture » Spread Christianity

Western Europe • The Papal Monarchy – Because of feudal system, clergy rec’d offices as grants from nobles-worldly people – 11 th century-Pope Gregory VII • Felt he was God’s “vicar on earth” and his power extended over emperors • He should be the one choosing church leaders • Henry IV of Germany didn’t want this power taken away • 1122 -Concordat of Worms

Western Europe The Papal Monarchy – The Church Supreme! • Result of Pope Innocent III (1300 s) – Used spiritual weapons to accomplish power » Interdict • The Cistercians-11 th Century – Less time in seclusion and more time helping people • Nuns – Landed aristocracy & female intellects • Franciscans & Dominicans 13 th century – Poverty & lived in the world – Dominicans worked to fight heresy » The Inquisition • Common people – – Depended on the sacraments for salvation Depended on the Saints (eg: Mary, the Mother of Jesus) Relics-believed could heal or product other miracles Pilgrimages-to Jerusalem, Rome (relics of Peter & Paul), and Santiago de Compostela (relics of James)

Europe-Western & Eastern • Western Roman Empire – 600 -700 s Frankish kings lost power to the mayors of the palace • Pepin (son of Charles Martel-the man who had gained love and respect of the Franks by winning the Battle of Tours against the Muslims) • Charles the Great (Charlemagne) Read pg 284 – After his death, his empire divided among his grandsons – Local nobles gained power – 9 th & 10 th century invasions by Vikings, Magyars, & Mulims (Vikings given Normandy) – Collapse of central authority led to Feudalism

Europe-Western & Eastern • Western Roman Empire – Feudalism • Fief • Feudal contract (chart pg 296) • Knights-tournaments-chivalry – Connections Around the World pg 293 • The Crusades helped to break down feudalism as kings levied taxes and raised armies (11 th-13 th centuries)

High Middle Ages • Western Roman Empire – Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg 298) A. England 1. 1066 -William of Normandy won the Battle of Hastings 1. Normans merged w/English 2. Census-Domesday Book 3. System of taxation and royal courts 2. 1154 -1189 Henry II 1. Increased power of the royal courts 2. Body of common law 3. Clash w/the church over trying clerics 4. (Thomas á Becket-murdered)

High Middle Ages • Western Roman Empire – Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg 298) A. England 1. 1215 King John 1. Magna Carta or Great Charter limits monarchs’ power duties to each other-type of feudal document 2. 1200 s Edward I 1. The English Parliament emerged

High Middle Ages • Western Roman Empire – Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg 298) B. France 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Divided around 843 The west Frankish lands became France 987 Hugh Capet was chosen king (Capetian Dynasty) 1180 -1223 King Philip II Augustus-gained Normandy area Other kings expanded kingdom by gaining land 1. By 1300 largest and best governed 2. Philip IV-Philip the Fair 1302 -began the Estates General 1 st State-clergy 2 nd State-nobles 3 rd State-townspeople and peasants

High Middle Ages • Western Roman Empire – Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg 298) D. Central & Eastern Europe (map pg 300) A. Western Slavs-Roman Catholic & Latin culture B. Eastern Slavs-Orthodox Christianity C. Southern Slavs-most Orthodox Christianity & Byzantine culture

High Middle Ages • Western Roman Empire – Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg 298) E. Russia A. Eastern Slavs & natives were overrun by Viking Rus A. 10 th century-Oleg-principality of Kiev gradually expanded land from the Baltic & Black Seas to the Danube & Volga Rivers (map pg 301) B. Orthodox Christianity-Vladimir C. 1 st Russian sate ended in 1169 D. 13 th century-Mongols ruled Russia A strong Russian prince, Alexander Nevsky, was given the title of grand-prince by the khan & his descendents became princes of Moscow and eventually leaders of all Russia

High Middle Ages • Eastern Roman Empire – Macedonians ruled from 867 -1081 • Enlarged the empire • Downfall – Incompetent successors – Struggles for power between ambitious military leaders and aristocratic families – Seljuk Turks » Crusades » Emperor Alexius I asked Europeans for help » Pope Urban II wanted to liberate Jerusalem and Holy Land (Palestine) from the Muslims

High Middle Ages • Western Roman Empire – Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg 298) C. Holy Roman Empire A. 962 -Otto I was crowned emperor of the Romans B. Frederick I & Frederick II tried to create a new empire including northern Italy C. This weakened Germany-no real power over Germany or Italy

Peasants, Trade, & Cities (1000 -1500) I. The new agriculture A. B. Climate change Power-saving devices A. 1. 2. Water & wind Iron tools Carruca-heavy, wheeled plow with iron plowshare C. New horse collar & horseshoe D. 3 field system

The Manorial System • Serfs were bound to the land

Revival of Trade A. B. The Crusades increased trade from Europe to Byzantine Empire By 12 th century, trade fairs in France 1. 2. 3. Money economy Banking Commercial capitalism C. Cities grew for trading 1. 2. Burghers or bourgeoisie (merchants & artisans “a walled enclosure”) Lords & kings sold liberties for town people 1. 3. 4. 1. Eventually developed their own governments Crowded and dirty Public baths-closed by 14 th century because of plague Industry & Guilds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Business associations Set prices and determined the number of people in trade Apprentice Journeyman Master

Culture • Universities-Guild – 1 st university-Bologna, Italy in 1158 • Law, medicine, or theology • Theology (the study of religion) – Scholasticism-tried to reconcile faith & reason – Works of Greek philosophers with religion » Thomas Aquinas-Summa Theological – 12 th Century-vernacular literature • Troubadour poetry • Chanson de geste (1100 Song of Roland)

Song of Roland (excerpt) • Charles the King, our Lord and Sovereign, Full seven years hath sojourned in Spain, Conquered the land, and won the western main, Now no fortress against him doth remain, 5 No city walls are left for him to gain, Save Sarraguce, that sits on high mountain. Marsile its King, who feareth not God's name, Mahumet's man, he invokes Apollin's aid, Nor wards off ills that shall to him attain.

Architecture (pg 332) • Basilica-flat roof/rectangular buildings • 11 th-12 th centuries-Romanesque – Barrel vault or cross vault ceiling – Thick wall and pillars – Dark on inside • 12 th-13 th centuries-Gothic – – Ribbed vaults & pointed arches Upward to heaven Flying buttress Magnificent stained glass windows

The Late Middle Ages (1300 -1500) A. The Black Death 1. Cause 2. Brought by traders from the Black Sea to southern Europe in 1347 (map pg 336) 3. Approx. ½ of Europe’s population died 4. Didn’t know what started it 1. Theory-sent by God 1. Anit-Semitism (pg 341) 2. Social & Economic Impact 1. Less trade/less workers made labor rates go up 2. Peasants bargained to pay rent because labor costs were high and rents were low-this released many from serfdom

The Late Middle Ages (1300 -1500) A. The Decline of Church Power I need more money. I want to tax the Church. Not unless the Pope decrees it! Boniface died because of the shock of the ordeal Tried to have Boniface arrested Pope Boniface VIII Philip IV of France (Philip the Fair)

The Late Middle Ages (1300 -1500) The Decline of Church Power Engineered the appointment of Clement V Philip IV of France (Philip the Fair) A 13 vig 05 no -1 n 37 7 Philip IV of France (Philip the Fair) The commoners did not like the papacy being at Avignonshould be at Rome. Also, popes living in wealth

The Late Middle Ages (1300 -1500) The Decline of Church Power 1377 -Pope Gregory returned to Rome, but soon died! Citizens of Rome told the cardinals they would not leave Rome alive unless an Italian was appointed. So, Pope Urban VI is chosen! (Italian) The French declared the appointment invalid and chose a Frenchman & he moved To Avignon!!! The Fre nch Pop e The Great Schism 1378 -1417 Pope Urban VI

The Late Middle Ages (1300 -1500) The Decline of Church Power 1417 -Council met in Switzerland; both Popes resigned and a new Pope elected. The Church lost its political power!

The 100 Years War 1337 -1453 • Map pg 339 • French tried to take the Duchy of Gascony • Turning point of battle-not knights, but peasant foot soldiers, won major battles • Joan of Arc inspired the French • French won with the help of the cannon

Political Recovery • France – Strong feeling of nationalism – King Louis XI • Taille-direct tax on land or property • England – Civil War-War of the Roses – Lasted until 1485 when Henry VII started the Tudor Dynasty • Worked to create a strong royal government – Thrifty so didn’t overburden and won public support – Abolished nobles’ private armies

Political Recovery • Spain – Isabella of Castille married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 • • Major step to unite Spain Strict conformity to Catholicism 1492 expelled Jews from Spain 1502 expelled all Muslims

Political Recovery • No Holy Roman Empire-Germany divided into hundreds of states • Eastern Europe – Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Christians, Mongols, Muslims – Russia • Ivan III – Threw off the rule of the Mongols – A new Russian, expanding state was born