THE MEDIA Mass Media Television radio newspapers magazines
- Slides: 44
THE MEDIA
• Mass Media: Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet and other means of popular communication that reach, and profoundly influence, not only the elites but the masses.
HISTORY OF THE MEDIA • Once upon a time in America… • There was no: • Internet • Television • Radio • There were newspapers, and they were massively partisan
• Over time, newspapers became cheaper and easier to operate • Their readership expanded and they tried to appeal to more people • Partisanship and bias didn’t go away, but they were subdued
• Yellow Journalism • Late 1800 s • Pulitzer and Hearst • Sensationalism (violence, corruption, war and gossip) • Progressive Journalism • Muckrakers • Investigative reporting
• Then radio happened and television happened • These networks focused on “broadcasting”; trying to reach a large audience through tv and radio signals • Big Three • NBC (National Broadcasting Company) • CBS (Columbia Broadcasting system) • ABC (American Broadcasting Company)
• These stations brought the government into people’s homes like never before • Coverage of WWII, Vietnam, Kennedy and MLK assassinations
• Television news was limited; basically only three places to get tv news • Then came cable • The rise of 24 hour news networks • Fox • CNN • MSNBC • “narrowcasting”
• The Internet and social media • Rising in importance • TV is shrinking • Ease of access for citizens and politicians • But…most people still get their news from major news outlets, just the online version
COVERAGE OF POLITICIANS • Press Conferences • Press follows political leaders everywhere; president is most scrutinized person in the world • Why do presidents and other leaders allow press access?
MEDIA EVENTS AND PHOTO OPS • Allow politicians to shape their image and push their agenda • Free advertising • Sometimes political players send out “trial balloons” • They leak ideas to the press to gauge the public’s reaction
WHAT MESSAGES ARE BEING SENT BY THIS PRESIDENT FROM THE FOLLOWING PHOTO-OPS?
SOUND BITES • In order to keep viewer’s attention, the media often dilute candidates words into short easily packaged quotes called “sound bites” that stay in voters’ minds • Candidates sometimes emphasize these same segments • Sound bites have gotten shorter with each passing decade
“Make America Great Again. ” DONALD TRUMP
“I DID NOT HAVE SEX WITH THAT WOMAN!”
“ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU…”
“I AM NOT A CROOK!” RICHARD NIXON
“MR. GORBACHEV, TEAR DOWN THAT WALL!” RONALD REAGAN
MEDIA PLAY THREE SIGNIFICANT ROLES IN AMERICAN POLITICS
• #1 They are the Gatekeepers • Media decide what stories are “newsworthy” and so they have a lot of influence over the political agenda
• #2 They are the Watchdogs • Starting in the 1970 s, largely due to events like the Vietnam war and Watergate scandal, investigative journalism reached a new high • Reporters saw it as their job to expose government corruption and mismanagement • Adversarial press • Has led Americans to view the government much more negatively
• #3 They are the Scorekeepers • Who’s up? Who’s down? Who’s winning? Who’s losing? • Sometimes called “horserace journalism”
PRESSING QUESTIONS • Are we more informed about politics now or less? • Do people get both sides of the story? • Is the media biased?
ARE WE MORE INFORMED ABOUT POLITICS NOW OR LESS? • Generally less • No more “incidental exposure”
DO PEOPLE GET BOTH SIDES OF THE STORY? • Kinda • Selective exposure is real though
IS THE MEDIA BIASED? • Well…many studies have shown that journalists tend to be liberal and favor democrats • Most Americans think the media is biased in favor of liberals • Even Democrats think the media is biased in favor of liberals • However, most studies have not drawn this conclusion • Why not?
• Media outlets have to appeal to a broad base of advertisers and viewers • Most Americans are moderate • Outlets would lose viewers if they were really as partisan as people say
GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE MEDIA
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS • American press have A LOT of freedom, more than most countries • Libel – printed lies • Slander – spoken lies • Lying is not illegal; but if the lies are used intentionally to defame someone, the injured party may sue
• Prior Restraint • Government cannot censor something before it is published • What if government secrets are leaked to the press? Can these be published? • Near vs. Minnesota • New York Times v. United States (Pentagon Papers)
• On the record – officials willing to be quoted and named • Off the record – Information cannot be used in any way • On background – Information can be reported, but not attributed to the source by name • On deep background – info can be reported, but there can’t be any type of connection to the source • Anonymous sources • Sometimes “whistleblowers” fear being discovered • Sometimes people won’t talk to journalists unless they are granted anonymity • Is there a problem with “unnamed sources”?
• What if anonymous sources reveal criminal activity? • Shield laws
REGULATION OF THE AIRWAVES • FCC – Federal Communications Commission • TV and radio stations need a license, newspapers do not • Equal time and right of reply • Fairness Doctrine • Doesn’t exist anymore
- Writing for radio and television
- The press television and radio
- History of radio and television
- Headline kicker
- Bengali newspapers online
- How to punctuate an article title
- Intertextuality examples in newspapers
- Examples of probability in newspapers
- Kien thuc ngay nay is one of the most popular
- Enayadigonto
- Emotive language in newspaper articles
- Minnesota historical newspapers
- Florida digital newspapers
- Language
- Magazine cover conventions
- Trunked radio vs conventional radio
- Hentai liliana
- Advantages of magazines
- She should have thrown out those magazines
- Hip hop publications
- School magazine article format
- Cost per thousands
- Reading to gain knowledge
- Never let me go chapter 10
- Magazine front cover features
- Brief history of magazines
- What is magazine
- The media only refers to television
- Stoichiometric calculations
- Atomic mass
- Is atomic mass and relative atomic mass the same
- How to calculate percentage by mass
- Inertial mass vs gravitational mass
- Mass/molar mass
- Molecular mass
- Mass/molar mass
- Mass grams
- Molar mass units
- Mass/mass problems
- Atomic
- Gravitational mass vs inertial mass
- Mass formula
- Formula mass vs molecular mass
- Atomicity of elements
- Mass number formula