The Maritime security governance debate Francois Vre Research

The Maritime security governance debate Francois Vreÿ Research Coordinator, SIGLA Stellenbosch University 5 th International Conference on Strategic Theory Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28 -30 September 2017

Scope • Introduction • Leadership • Oceans governance • Governance-Maritime security nexus • Governance indices • Towards a maritime security governance index

Introduction • World attention & Africa’s oceans • East Africa, West Africa North Africa: Catalysts and wake-up calls • Maritime security complexity : A leadership catalyst • Security & Rule of Law: Conduits for good governance • Collaboration on landward & maritime threat reduction • Framing maritime security governance beyond anti-piracy

Leadership • Political leadership: Institutionalise maritime security and the blue economy • Leadership to extend economic and social benefits to societies • Maritime governance depends upon maritime security for economic benefits • Both are a political function of leadership collaboration • Continental leadership on maritime affairs: Map the governance imperative • Regional leadership: Operationalise regional maritime architectures • National leadership: To map & embed the national contribution

Ocean Governance: What is in a name? • Governments: Make & enforce rules to deliver services • Renewed advantages of oceans : Governance at sea • Footing in good order at sea & rule of law • Making, heeding and enforcing rules by extended actor community • Sustainable and responsible use of the oceans by all Why?

Governance-maritime security nexus • Security & rule of law: Basis for good governance • Ocean & maritime security governance no exception • Good order at sea: Flow & stock resource • Safe & secure conditions for using the sea • Central governance theme: Safety, security and responsibilities • Actor cooperation: National – regional - global

Maritime security What is it? Core Dimensions Characteristics National security Interconnected security challenges Marine environment Liminality (Not only ocean-related) Economic development A transnational environment Human security Cross-jurisdictional – Laws & agencies Caring for it Joint knowledge production Coordination through common scripts for action Joint operational maritime security activities Bueger, C. & T. Edmunds, 2017 International Affairs

Governance to maritime security governance Guiding perspectives: Looking forward … • Institutions and actors from and beyond government • Broadening of boundaries and responsibilities : social and economic issues • Improving interdependent relationships : institutions involved in collective action • Expansion of autonomous self-governing networks of actors • Grow responsibilities of non-state actors : complement government authority • Enabling government to use new tools and techniques

Governance indexes • To what end? • Meet expectations of citizens • Direct influence and resources • Reinforce blue economy contributions • Maritime Security & rule of law: First deliverables • Change weak & ineffective governance • Human security: On land & at sea Joint knowledge production Coordination through common scripts for action Joint operational maritime security activities

Rationale for Africa • Greater Africa imprint upon MDA: How? • Tie MDA & Development to AIMS-2050 • Opportunity for Low-tech contributions from Africa to MDA • Collating public resources through African academic institutions • National work feeding African regional projects • Connecting MDA – Marsec to Blue Economy for African futures

Joint knowledge production: Augment the landward index The absent category Taken from: http: //static. moibrahimfoundation. org/u/2015/09/03150715/2015 -iiag-methodology. pdf • Capacity to police Soft threats & assets Rule of Law Littoral state governance Maritime Security Governance [Suggested, not confirmed: Own compilation]

Actor cooperation: Network of African coastal universities 1 = Western Africa 2 = Eastern Africa 3 = Southern Africa 4 = North Africa X = Western- North Africa cross-over X 1 = Western – Southern Africa cross. Over X 2 = Eastern-Southern Africa cross. Over Envisaged university partners Stellenbosch © SIGLA- SU

Common scripts for action: A maritime governance index Regional governance index Littoral governance index Indexes Littoral fragility index Incidents at sea index / Justice Index Integrated legislation International codes & regimes UNCLOS signatory Rule of Law Codes of conduct Maritime policy environment Maritime resources profile: Living, non-living Maritime resource dependency Shipping lanes/volumes Stock & Flow Choke points Maritime zone claims Maritime boundary disputes Soft Threats Maritime crime profile(s) (Traditional, GOAS, Non-traditional threats) Domestic conflict/maritime spill-overs Government/naval maritime institutions Civilian maritime institutions Institutions Regional maritime arrangements Maritime policing agencies Acquisitions Standing navies/coast guards Policing capabilities/agencies International naval assistance Enforcement Naval/maritime exercises Private maritime security actors Security & enforcement agencies DATA SOURCES AND SECTORS Collating scattered Information Regional & National Analysis © SIGLA- SU

Recommendations • Index based upon actor-threat inclusiveness of governance theory • Based upon a network of African littoral state universities • Interfaced : Landward Governance Index and proposed maritime governance index • Geographic pathway : regional littoral states as pilot project • • • Proposed flow and sectors: Regional pilot leading to continental output over 3 years Data collection and collation : actor cooperation Existing statistics to collate scattered data Public index © SIGLA- SU

Thank you for your time Questions? Compiled by: Prof Francois Vreÿ Research Co-ordinator SIGLA, Stellenbosch University francois@ma 2. sun. ac. za

• Governance impacts on utilization of the ocean as a flow and stock resource. • Governance theory applies to landward and maritime governance with overlapping features. • As governance includes ocean governance, its overlapping parts should provide information / data on security at sea. • Governance on land is indexed. • Governance at sea off Africa needs to be more comprehensively indexed to provide effective security data. • Proposed research design: To index and measure maritime security governance off Africa utilizing existing and proposed new data sources.